LOW TEMPERATURE THRESHOLDS FOR FLIGHT IN <i>APHIS FABAE</i> SCOP.

Cockbain, A. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1961.tb02136.x

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The effect of temperature on flight activity was also consistent with previous studies (Taylor 1963, Lewis andTaylor 1965). There is a threshold air temperature below which insects are unable to fly, which varies with taxa between 5 and 13°C (Alma 1970, Cockbain 1961, Taylor 1963. Consistent with these thresholds, at our sites insect catches declined when air temperature fell below 14°C (Fig.…”

Section: Aerial Insect Activitysupporting

confidence: 91%

Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight

Speakman¹,

Rydell²,

Webb³

et al. 2000

Oikos

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Previous studies suggest that many species of insectivorous bats are nocturnal, despite the relatively low availability of their insect prey at night, because of the risk of predation by diurnal predatory birds. We hypothesised that if this was the case bats living above the arctic circle would alter their feeding behaviour during midsummer because there would no longer be any benefit to restricting their activity to the period when their prey are least abundant. Alternatively, if bats were more influenced by competition from aerial insectivorous birds they would continue to feed at ‘night’ to avoid such competition. In northern Norway (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight, insectivorous sand martins (Riparia riparia) concentrated their aerial feeding activity when aerial insects were most abundant. The birds stopped feeding between 23:00 and 07:00 when aerial insects were least abundant. In contrast, northern bats (Eptesicus nilssonii), fed mostly between 22:00 and 02:00, coinciding with the lowest aerial insect availability, and with the period when light levels were lowest (ca 1000 lux). Bat activity patterns were closest to those predicted by the avian competition hypothesis. The low densities of both sand martins and Northern bats in the study area, however, were less consistent with this hypothesis. Possibly populations of both species were higher historically and the observed patterns reflected historical competition. Bat activity was most closely correlated to ambient light levels. This raised two alternative explanations that we could not eliminate. Perhaps there was differential predation risk, between the brightest and darkest parts of the day, because the visual capacities of falcons are strongly dependent on luminance. Alternatively the bats may have been entrained to emerge at given light levels by their behaviour at other times of year.

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Section: Aerial Insect Activitysupporting

confidence: 91%

Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight

Speakman¹,

Rydell²,

Webb³

et al. 2000

Oikos

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“…Different thresholds have also been described for different phases of flight activity. For example, in the aphid Aphis fabae , 17 °C is required for take‐off (Johnson & Taylor 1957), 15 °C for sustained upward flight, 13 °C for horizontal flight and 6.5 °C for wing beating (Cockbain 1961). Climate warming would advance the time of year at which the flight thresholds for all insects are first reached and increase the possibility of early immigration (e.g.…”

Section: Insect Development Voltinism and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores

Bale

Masters

Hodkinson

et al. 2002

Global Change Biology

2,173

1,859

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This review examines the direct effects of climate change on insect herbivores. Temperature is identified as the dominant abiotic factor directly affecting herbivorous insects. There is little evidence of any direct effects of CO2 or UVB. Direct impacts of precipitation have been largely neglected in current research on climate change. Temperature directly affects development, survival, range and abundance. Species with a large geographical range will tend to be less affected. The main effect of temperature in temperate regions is to influence winter survival; at more northerly latitudes, higher temperatures extend the summer season, increasing the available thermal budget for growth and reproduction. Photoperiod is the dominant cue for the seasonal synchrony of temperate insects, but their thermal requirements may differ at different times of year. Interactions between photoperiod and temperature determine phenology; the two factors do not necessarily operate in tandem. Insect herbivores show a number of distinct life‐history strategies to exploit plants with different growth forms and strategies, which will be differentially affected by climate warming. There are still many challenges facing biologists in predicting and monitoring the impacts of climate change. Future research needs to consider insect herbivore phenotypic and genotypic flexibility, their responses to global change parameters operating in concert, and awareness that some patterns may only become apparent in the longer term.

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“…Alatae migrating to summer or winter hosts may, if light, temperature, pressure, relative humidity and wind are suitable (Broadbent, 1949a;Cockbain, 1961;Davies, 1936;Dry & Taylor, 1970), spend a considerable time in motion, at least two days in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Cartier & Auclair, 1965), with ultra-violet radiation presumably stimulating activity as in Aphis fabae Scopoli (Kring, 1969). The latter, in common with many other aphids, will not settle to feed and reproduce without first flying (Kennedy, 1958;Taylor, 1959).…”

Section: Selection Of Host-plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant penetration by feeding aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea): a review

Pollard¹

1973

Bull. Entomol. Res.

295

197

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The factors responsible for determining the host-plants and feeding sites of aphids, and the various probing activities (the role of the labium, stylet insertion, surface saliva deposition, the behaviour of the aphid, virus transmission) are examined. There is a brief review of stylet structure and movement and the possible sensory nature of these organs, followed by a detailed review of the characteristics of aphid stylet paths in plant tissues. The penetration of epidermis and vascular tissues is treated separately while that within the intermediate tissues is covered in relation to leaves and stems, roots, trees, galls and excised tissue as well as in separate sections on Aphis fabaeScopoli and Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Stylet destinations and behaviour in the sieve tubes are discussed together with general features such as rate and depth of penetration, guidance to the feeding site, effects of tissue hardness and stylet withdrawal. The ingestion rate of plant sap is reviewed and its constitution and importance examined together with the significance of artificial diets. The salivary secretions including sheaths and tracks, their functions and their role in the transference of material between aphid and host are dealt with. The nature of the physical and internal damage resulting from aphid feeding is briefly covered, and also some plant-insect interrelations. The aphid species whose stylets have been examined in plant tissue are listed.

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LOW TEMPERATURE THRESHOLDS FOR FLIGHT IN APHIS FABAE SCOP.

Cited by 28 publications

References 11 publications

Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight

Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight

Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores

Plant penetration by feeding aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea): a review

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