“…More hotspots in terms of absolute numbers being available in a 3D space will certainly help to transform SERS into a practical analytical technique. To address the issues on 3D geometry of hotspots, various surfactants, DNA, peptide, DNA origami [10], amphiphilic polymers, or even proteins have been used to construct 'fixed' hotspots on solid substrates by preparing oriented assemblies of functional NPs, such as SHINERS [11], core-shell monomers [12], dimers [13,14], trimers [15], chains [16], arrays [17,18], aggregates [19,20], or even multilevel structures [21,22]. On the other side, 'flexible' designs utilizing electronic, ferroelectric, thermal, mechanical strain, or capillary effects have allowed for the tunability of 3D plasmonic hotspots.…”