Low-Temperature Solution-Processed All Organic Integration for Large-Area and Flexible High-Resolution Imaging

Hou, Xianhua; Chen, Sujie; Tang, Wei; Liang, Jianghu; Ouyang, Bang; Li, Ming; Song, Yawen; Shan, Tong; Chen, Chun‐Chao; Too, P.; Wei, Xiaojie; Jin, Libo; Qi, Guisheng; Guo, Xiaojun

doi:10.1109/jeds.2022.3142769

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…There has been intensive research on OPD-based active-matrix imagers for medical imaging and biometric authentication applications, which used inorganic TFT backplanes, including α-Si:H, amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO), and lowtemperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) to leverage the industry-standard processes [31,32]. All-organic integration of OPDs on top of the organic TFT (OTFT) backplane was also developed to achieve thermal and mechanical matching of the whole material stack with common plastic films for ubiquitous optical imagers of highly customizable form factors [33,34]. With tailorable photoelectrical properties, miniaturized spectrometer prototypes were made by integrating customized wavelength-selective OPD pixels into compact modules for handheld or wearable spectrum measurements [35,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic photodiodes: device engineering and applications

Shan

Hou

Yin

et al. 2022

Front. Optoelectron.

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Organic photodiodes (OPDs) have shown great promise for potential applications in optical imaging, sensing, and communication due to their wide-range tunable photoelectrical properties, low-temperature facile processes, and excellent mechanical flexibility. Extensive research work has been carried out on exploring materials, device structures, physical mechanisms, and processing approaches to improve the performance of OPDs to the level of their inorganic counterparts. In addition, various system prototypes have been built based on the exhibited and attractive features of OPDs. It is vital to link the device optimal design and engineering to the system requirements and examine the existing deficiencies of OPDs towards practical applications, so this review starts from discussions on the required key performance metrics for different envisioned applications. Then the fundamentals of the OPD device structures and operation mechanisms are briefly introduced, and the latest development of OPDs for improving the key performance merits is reviewed. Finally, the trials of OPDs for various applications including wearable medical diagnostics, optical imagers, spectrometers, and light communications are reviewed, and both the promises and challenges are revealed. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic photodiodes: device engineering and applications

Shan

Hou

Yin

et al. 2022

Front. Optoelectron.

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“…[29] Sol-gel ZnO ETL is typically fabricated by post-coating annealing at a maximum of 180 °C for 30 min to accommodate a broad choice of organic substrates. [3,33] Because the sol-gel ZnO ETL requires a temperature of 280 °C or higher to fully synthesize from its precursor solution, [34][35][36] insufficient heat treatment results in a ZnO ETL with more defective crystals, [37] which are considered to cause the photoinduced increase of dark current. [29] In this study, we successfully reduced the increase in the dark current after light irradiation to approximately twice its initial value in OPDs using a ZnO ETL.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adpr202200355mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photostability Improvement of Organic Photodiodes with ZnO Electron Transport Layer

Wijaya

Yokota

Lee

et al. 2023

Advanced Photonics Research

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Organic photodiodes (OPDs) have demonstrated unique mechanical properties, such as flexibility and stretchability, and can be used as on-skin conformable photodetectors or imagers, for example, to measure biosignals with high reliability. [1][2][3][4][5] Simultaneously, substantial research has demonstrated OPDs with a high specific detectivity comparable with that of commercial silicon photodiodes (%10 12 -10 13 Jones). [6,7] This most representative metric of OPDs has been improved by both enhancing the photoresponsivity and lowering the dark current. [8][9][10][11][12][13] One simple and effective technique to reduce the dark current regardless of the OPD structure is the careful selection and process optimization of the electron transport layer (ETL). [14][15][16][17] ZnO is a well-known and widely used ETL material for OPDs owing to its low work function, high optical transmittance, and easy processing. [18,19] ZnO ETL can be deposited via sputtering, a method that is adaptable to established commercial OPD fabrication. [20,21] However, its general adoption in OPDs is chiefly promoted by its sol-gel processability at low temperatures. [22] This solution processability enables printability and large-area processing of the ZnO ETL, [23,24] which are important assets of OPDs. Utilizing these materials and process advantages, the ZnO ETL has been widely incorporated into a variety of high-performance OPDs, thereby contributing to lowering the dark current and achieving high detectivity (%10 12 Jones) photodetectors in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared ranges. [25][26][27] In addition to their high optoelectronic performance, the application of OPDs with ZnO ETLs as flexible near-infrared photodetectors and imagers has been reported with demonstrated skin conformability and biosignal measurements. [4,5] Recently, to prepare OPDs for commercialization, their performance stability has become essential, and the stability of the photocurrent and dark current values has become the benchmark in exhibiting such stability. [12,26,[28][29][30][31][32] For instance, a study demonstrated the operation of ultraflexible OPDs with ZnO ETL with air stability for more than 10 days, where the photocurrent changed by less than 1% and the dark current changed by a maximum of 2.5, even without a high-barrier passivation layer. [28] The same OPDs underwent 1000 repetitive bending tests, thereby demonstrating the mechanical stability of the OPDs with only 5% change in the photocurrent and dark current change by a maximum of five times. In addition to storage and mechanical stability, stability with respect to external irradiation is critical, given their wide application as photodetectors. The photocurrent

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“…Organic photodiodes (OPDs) have emerged as a promising alternative to their inorganic counterparts due to their advantages DOI: 10.1002/admi.202300421 in terms of solution processability, mechanical flexibility, and potential for low-cost production. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In recent years, semitransparent (semi-T) color OPDs have attracted attention owing to their potential applications in various fields, such as transparent electronics, optical sensors, light management systems, wearable devices, and optical communication systems. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] These versatile devices can be seamlessly integrated into transparent electronic devices, while maintaining their transparency and functionality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Semitransparent Color Organic Photodiodes Enabled by Integrating Fabry–Perot and Solution‐Processed Distributed Bragg Reflectors

Kim

Shafian

Kim

2023

Adv Materials Inter

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Organic photodiodes (OPDs) have recently garnered attention as a competitive alternative to their inorganic counterparts, given their inherent advantages in solution processability, mechanical flexibility, and cost‐effective manufacturing. In this work, a novel method for fabricating high‐performance semitransparent color OPDs by integrating Fabry–Perot (FP) interferometer‐based color‐filtering electrodes and solution‐processed distributed Bragg reflectors (sDBRs) is introduced. The FP electrode provides color control by modulating the metal oxide layer thickness, irrespective of the photoactive layer's color. To overcome limitations related to light absorption and device transparency, this work employs a sDBR as a selective window reflector, allowing the OPD to retain its color while preserving semitransparency. The experimental findings demonstrate the successful integration of these components, resulting in semitransparent red, green, and blue (RGB) OPDs exhibiting significantly improved detectivity. The fabricated RGB‐OPDs achieve detectivity values of 4.07, 3.49, and 4.22 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W−1 for red, green, and blue, respectively. This research highlights the efficacy of FP and sDBR color filters in realizing high‐performance color sensors and offer novel opportunities for semitransparent OPD integration with other optoelectronic devices.

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Low-Temperature Solution-Processed All Organic Integration for Large-Area and Flexible High-Resolution Imaging

Cited by 13 publications

References 47 publications

Organic photodiodes: device engineering and applications

Organic photodiodes: device engineering and applications

Photostability Improvement of Organic Photodiodes with ZnO Electron Transport Layer

High‐Performance Semitransparent Color Organic Photodiodes Enabled by Integrating Fabry–Perot and Solution‐Processed Distributed Bragg Reflectors

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