Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells

Ball, James M.; Lee, Michael M.; Hey, Andrew; Snaith, Henry J.

doi:10.1039/c3ee40810h

Cited by 1,576 publications

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References 28 publications

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“…[203] Finally, low temperature processed ETLs, such as PCBM or alternative TiO 2 fabrication techniques, can be employed to reduce energy consumption in this step. [283][284][285] …”

Section: Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

312

201

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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“…[203] Finally, low temperature processed ETLs, such as PCBM or alternative TiO 2 fabrication techniques, can be employed to reduce energy consumption in this step. [283][284][285] …”

Section: Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

312

201

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[ 7 ] Alternatively, a meso-superstructured confi guration incorporating an insulating mesoporous Al 2 O 3 scaffold was demonstrated, which resulted in landmark PCEs of over 12%. [ 2,8 ] Finally, several fabrication methods have been developed for planar-heterojunction architectures [ 1,9 ] including a one-step spin-coating method from solution precursors, [ 7,10,11 ] a two-step sequential method, [ 3 ] and vapor-phase deposition in a vacuum chamber [ 1 ] which have accompanied a phenomenal increase of PCEs. The highest certifi ed PCE of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSC) has reached 20.1% to date, [12][13][14] with methylammonium (MA) lead tri-iodide (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ) and formamidinium (FA) lead tri-iodide (HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 ) or mixtures thereof being the most frequently investigated perovskite absorbers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Charge‐Carrier Dynamics and Mobilities in Formamidinium Lead Mixed‐Halide Perovskites

et al. 2015

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by at least four orders of magnitude. [ 17,18 ] MAPbI 3 also appears to exhibit only shallow trap-levels and although the grain boundaries have recently been shown to induce nonradiative decay, [ 19 ] regions only a few tens of nm away from the grain boundaries appear to be unaffected. [ 20,21 ] Furthermore, low Urbach energies, which are extracted from near band edge optical absorption measurements and serve as a benchmark for crystalline phase disorder, indicate low disorder and sharp band edges for lead tri-halide perovskites (15-23 meV). [ 22,23 ] All of these properties contribute to high open-circuit voltages, long charge-carrier lifetimes, and micrometer diffusion lengths, which are crucial for planar-hetero junction photovoltaics. [ 1,24 ] Nonetheless, these parameters are also expected to depend on the infl uence of crystallization condition on perovskite morphology in fabricated fi lms. [ 25 ] A distinct benefi t of organic-inorganic perovskite materials (e.g., over silicon) is that their bandgap can be tuned relatively easily with chemical composition, allowing attractive coloration and multijunction or tandem cell designs. For example, changing the metal cation at the M site from Pb 2+ to the less toxic Sn 2+ to form CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 shifts the optical bandgap from 1.55 to 1.3 eV into the range of the "ideal" single-junction solar cell bandgap between 1.1 and 1.4 eV. [ 26,27 ] However, stability issues arising from the oxidation of tin have so far prevented widespread use. Alternatively, tuning the size of the A site cation has been proven to change optical and electronic properties of the perovskite and to signifi cantly infl uence solar cell performance. [ 28 ] Replacing MA in MAPbI 3 by the larger cation formamidinium HC(NH 2 ) 2 + (FA) was found to decrease the bandgap from 1.57 to 1.48 eV, [29][30][31] yield long photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes, high PCEs, [ 28 ] and lower recombination and device hysteresis. [ 32 ] Highest PCEs of 20.1% have been reported [12][13][14] to date for solar cells based on FAPbI 3 making this an attractive system to explore. In addition, the gradual replacement of the MA cation by FA through the fi lm was shown to create a mixed cation-lead-iodide PSC allowing for energetic gradients. [ 33 ] However, mixing of the halide component in the perovskite offers the fi nest tuning of the optical properties of the perovskite fi lm. Here, the mixed organic lead iodide/bromide system has recently gained strong interest for application in PSCs. [ 11,28 ] By changing the ratio between bromide and iodide (at the X site anion), the bandgap can be tailored between 1.55 eV (MAPbI 3 ) and 2.3 eV (MAPbBr 3 ), which results in the coverage of much of the visible spectrum and paves the way for the development of tandem solar cells. [ 11 ] In addition to MAPb(Br y I 1-y ) 3 , its formamidinium relative FAPb(Br y I 1-y ) 3 has been explored. [ 28 ] Most fractional mixtures of FAPb(Br y I 1-y ) 3 were found to be crystalline, with the exception of the region between y = 0.3 and Recent year...

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“…135 Studies on nanostructured DSSC-like devices, replacing TiO 2 by Al 2 O 3 , not only attained impressive efficiencies in the order of 12%, but also gave substantial proof suggesting that the perovskite possesses unique ambipolar properties to transport both photogenerated holes and electrons. 133,136 These findings served as a base to proceed with the construction of simplified vapour-deposited heterojunction architectures, with CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3Àx Cl x as the absorber, a compact layer of n-type TiO 2 as the electron collecting layer and spiro-OMeTAD as the HTM, attaining 15% PCE, with a J SC of 21.5 mA cm À2 and a V OC of 1.07 V. 135 The deposited films were extremely uniform at the nanometer scale, as opposed to solution-processed films, and this was the rationalization behind this outstanding performance. Efficiencies climbed to 15.7% when a thin film of ZnO nanoparticles was used as an electron-transport layer.…”

Section: Feature Article Chemcommmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research is ongoing on (i) preparation of other TiO 2 structures (e.g., nanorods) that facilitate pore filling of the HTM, 145 (ii) lowering the processing temperature to obtain cost-friendly techniques, 136,146,147 (iii) optimization of the efficiency in bulk heterojunction configurations.…”

Section: Feature Article Chemcommmentioning

confidence: 99%

New generation solar cells: concepts, trends and perspectives

2015

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Organic, dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cell technologies have triggered widespread interest in recent years due to their very promising potential towards a high solar electricity future. A number of important milestones have marked the roadmap of each sector on the way to today's outstanding performances, but there still remains plenty of scope for further improvement. The most influential landmarks, together with basic concepts and future perspectives are unraveled in this review.

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Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells

Cited by 1,576 publications

References 28 publications

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Charge‐Carrier Dynamics and Mobilities in Formamidinium Lead Mixed‐Halide Perovskites

New generation solar cells: concepts, trends and perspectives

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