Low-Temperature Plasma Short Exposure to Decontaminate Peri-Implantitis-Related Multispecies Biofilms on Titanium Surfaces In Vitro

Abstract

Background. The use of low-temperature plasma (LTP) is a novel approach to treating peri-implantitis. LTP disrupts the biofilm while conditioning the surrounding host environment for bone growth around the infected implant. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of LTP on newly formed (24 h), intermediate (3 days), and mature (7 days) peri-implant-related biofilms formed on titanium surfaces. Methods. Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 12104), Porphyromonas gingivalis (W83), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 35037), and Veillonella dispar (ATCC 17748) were cultivated in brain heart infusion supplemented with 1% yeast extract, hemin (0.5 mg/mL), and menadione (5 mg/mL) and kept at 37°C in anaerobic conditions for 24 h. Species were mixed for a final concentration of ~105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL ( OD = 0.01 ), and the bacterial suspension was put in contact with titanium specimens (7.5 mm in diameter by 2 mm in thickness) for biofilm formation. Biofilms were treated with LTP for 1, 3, and 5 min at 3 or 10 mm from plasma tip to sample. Controls were those having no treatment (negative control, NC) and argon flow under the same LTP conditions. Positive controls were those treated with 14 μg/mL amoxicillin and 140 μg/mL metronidazole individually or combined and 0.12% chlorhexidine ( n = 6 per group). Biofilms were evaluated by CFU, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Comparisons among bacteria; 24 h, 3-day, and 7-day biofilms; and treatments for each biofilm were made. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were applied ( α = 0.05 ). Results. Bacterial growth was observed in all NC groups, corroborated by FISH. LTP treatment significantly reduced all bacteria species compared to the NC in all biofilm periods and treatment conditions ( p ≤ 0.016 ), and CLSM corroborated these results. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, we conclude that LTP application effectively reduces peri-implantitis-related multispecies biofilms on titanium surfaces in vitro.

Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Endosteal Implants for Osseointegration and Antimicrobial Efficacy: A Comprehensive Review

“…In vivo studies corroborate previously discussed in vitro studies with respect to improved bone regeneration and bacterial disinfection after NTP treatment, because of the optimization of the dental implant surface [78] (summarized in Table 2). For instance, Jang et al investigated the effects of NTP on titanium implants in a dog model, revealing that NTP treatment significantly improved BIC and bone volume at 4 weeks compared to controls.…”

Comparison of In Vitro Biofilm Formation on Titanium and Zirconia Implants

“…Each bacterial species was incubated separately for 24 hours at 37°C under anaerobic conditions (80% N 2 , 10% H 2 , and 10% CO 2 ). For all 4 microorganisms, each coculture started from OD 600 = 0.1, which was diluted in the medium resulting in OD 600 = 0.01 [ 26 , 27 ], which was equivalent to ~10 5 CFU/mL [ 27 ]. Following the establishment of the multibacterial species, each of the Ti and Zr implants was placed in the horizontal direction into sterile 24-well microtiter plate.…”

The applications of cold atmospheric plasma in dentistry

“…CAP shows promise in replacing traditional approaches by preventing the formation of bacterial biofilm and promoting tissue regeneration. [69,120,126,127] The limitations of the vacuum system are overcome by CAP and cause physical and chemical changes in biological materials without causing harm to healthy tissues. [7,9] Surface modification employing CAP is a frequently researched method in interface biotechnology to improve the performance of surgical implants.…”