Low‐Temperature Melt Processing Monolithic Integration of Organic Manganese (II) Bromide Wafers with Pixelated Substrate for High Sensitivity X‐Ray Imaging

Abstract

Environmentally‐friendly metal halides have become emerging candidates for X‐ray imaging applications. However, it remains challenging to obtain noise and ion migration suppressed crystal structures. More seriously, integration with mature circuits in an easy‐to‐implement manner is a huge obstacle to commercialization. Here, a 0D structure‐based benzyltrimethylammonium manganese bromide (BTA2MnBr4, BTA: C10H16N) is reported. Further studies point out that such structure exhibits obvious quantum confinement effects, providing large bandgap (3.20 eV) and exciton activation energy (≈115 meV) with decreasing thermal noise, and large activation energy for ionic transport (≈0.37 eV) with limited ion migration. Then, the BTA2MnBr4 wafer is fabricated via solvent‐free, scalable, and low‐temperature (175 °C) melt processing technology. The obtained wafer shows highly crystalline and good densification that can effectively collect the generated charges, which avoids the compound losses and further limits the ion migration. As a result, the related X‐ray detector demonstrates high sensitivity of 5.56 × 103 µC Gyair−1 cm−2, a low detection limit of 8.7 nGyair s−1, fast response (≈10 ms), high‐spatial resolution (≈4.1 lp mm−1), good stability, and imaging capability. Moreover, the integration of the wafer with pixelated electrode substrate is also successfully achieved, applied, and validated with strong mechanical connection and reliable contact.

Hydrogen Bonds Strengthened Metal‐Free Perovskite for Degradable X‐ray Detector with Enhanced Stability, Flexibility and Sensitivity

“…[37] The large band gaps (> 4.0 eV) lead to low thermal noise, and benefit stabilizing the baseline of the X-ray device for its slight influence by ambient light. [13,21,34] Then, from the photoluminescent excitation spectrum (PLE) and PL spectrum in Figure 2b and Figure S10b, both of the MFPs show broad-peak emission characteristics, implying that they are self-trap exciton (STE) emission types. [37] The corresponding color is also reflected at Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.5201, 0.4618) and (0.4979, 0.4618) with a correlated color temperature of � 2500 K (Figure 2c and Figure S10c).…”

PF6− Pseudohalides Anion Based Metal‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for Stable X‐Ray Detector to Attain Record Sensitivity

“…However, the MDABCO‐NH 4 (PF 6 ) 3 exhibits a larger band value of 7.13 eV than the compared MDABCO‐NH 4 I 3 (3.87 eV), which is beneficial to reduce the influence of ambient light and minimum the thermal noise for more favor device performance. [ 30 ] Then, the partial density of states (pDOS) was used to declare the difference in Figure S3b (Supporting Information). For both MDABCO‐NH 4 X 3 SCs, their CBM is dominated by the C‐p and N‐s, and the VBM is contributed by the halide components of I‐p and F‐p.…”

Organic Cation Design of Manganese Halide Hybrids Glass toward Low‐Temperature Integrated Efficient, Scaling, and Reproducible X‐Ray Detector

“…To circumvent the above limitations of MHs in X-ray imaging applications, zero-dimensional (0D, featured as MHs polyhedras are independently embedded as "guests" in the organic "host" matrix) MHs were applied to X-ray imaging and showed great application potential and promising prospects. [30][31][32][33][34] (1) 0D MHs are defined from an electronic structure perspective, leading to stronger exciton localization effects and higher radioluminescence efficiency; (2) Diverse preparations can be easily achieved by designing organic or metal cations (Mn, Cu, Sn, In, Zn, Sb, etc. ), which can improve stability (organic hydrophobicity) and reduce toxicity.…”