Low-temperature martensitic transformation in tool steels in relation to their deep cryogenic treatment

Gavriljuk, V.G.; Theisen, W.; Sirosh, V.V.; Polshin, Ernest V.; Kortmann, A.; Mogilny, G.S.; Petrov, Yu. N.; Tarusin, Ye. V.

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.045

Cited by 136 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Most of the research studies on AISI D2 tool steel have been conducted on the microstructure after tempering and little attention has been paid to the microstructure of the as-hardened alloy [4][5][6][7]. Moreover, in all the above studies the microstructure before tempering is considered as fully martensitic with very little or no metallographic supports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decomposition of retained austenite to ferrite and cementite during tempering process (≈ 773 K has been related to the loss of toughness of this alloy [4]. It is also generally accepted that martensite start and finish temperatures for AISI D2 steel are at subzero temperatures [5,6] and in order to reduce the amount of retained austenite, an additional step, cryogenic cooling, has been used to insure attaining martensite finish temperature and therefore to obtain the maximum volume fraction of martensite [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative phase transformation path in cryogenically treated AISI D2 tool steel

Nanesa

Jahazi

2015

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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This study based on dilatometry test and microstructural observations showed a different phase transformation path during conventional heat treatment of AISI D2 tool steel instead of the traditionally expected fully martensitic transformation. Transformation started with carbide precipitation and continued with allotriomorphic ferrite, Widmanstätten ferrite, acicular ferrite, and finally bainite formation. This microstructure showed microhardness value of 730 HV, which is very high for conventionally cooled samples. They are not expected to have gone under martensitic transformation. The results indicated that bainitic transformation take place even at temperatures near 173 K and to obtain fully martensitic microstructure, cooling rates in the range of 50K.s -1 must be utilized.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative phase transformation path in cryogenically treated AISI D2 tool steel

Nanesa

Jahazi

2015

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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“…Li et al [7] observed an increase in the Snoek-Köster (SK) relaxation peak after holding of the tool steel in liquid nitrogen compared with quenching at RT, and the results have been attributed to deep cryogenic treatment-increased dislocation density. Meanwhile the isothermal martensitic transformation was detected by the mechanical loss peak at around -150 • C [4]. Yet it is clearly demonstrated that the evolution of microstructure and distribution of interstitial atoms in steels can be successfully detected by mechanical spectroscopy [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The maximum of carbon concentration inside the marked cylinder in the martensitic region is estimated as 3.92 at.%, which is higher than carbon concentration in martensite phase, but substantially lower than carbon concentration in cementite. The low-temperature induced twinning on (111) planes by martensitic transformation does not affect the positions of metallic atoms but transfers the carbon atoms from the c-sub-lattice of the octahedral sites to their a-sub-lattice and b-sub-lattice [4]. Therefore, the nanometer size film layers can be regarded as the carbon segregation nearby the twin boundaries.…”

Section: Microstructure Evolution After Cryogenic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was also claimed that CT can generate decomposition of martensite by precipitation of the nanometer size carbides during tempering to room temperature. Gavriljuk et al [4] pointed out that plastic deformation accompanying the low-temperature martensitic transformation in a tool steel can play a significant role in the subsequent carbide precipitation during tempering. However, the underlying mechanism of diffusion of carbon atoms and the carbide precipitation caused by cryogenic treatment has not been clarified yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation Of Segregation Of Carbon Atoms Due To Sub-Zero Cryogenic Treatment In Cold Work Tool Steel By Mechanical Spectroscopy And Atom Probe Tomography

Min

Xie

et al. 2015

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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In this work, we present mechanical spectroscopy of cold work tool steel subjected to sub-zero cryogenic soaking treatment to reveal the carbon segregation and the subsequent carbides refinement. The maximum of Snoek-Köster (SK) peak height was obtained in the sample subjected to soaking 1h at -130 • C cryogenic treatment. The SK peak height is reduced with prolonging the soaking time. The results indicate that an increase in the height of SK peak is connected with an increase in dislocation density and the number of segregated carbon atoms in the vicinity of dislocations or twin planes after martensite transformation at -130 • C which is confirmed by corresponding TEM and atom probe tomography measurement. Hence, it is suggested that the isothermal martensite, formed during the cryogenic soaking treatment decreases (APT) the height of SK peak.Keywords: Cryogenic treatment, isothermal martensite, atom probe tomography, mechanical spectroscopy, Cottrell atmosphere W pracy przedstawiono wyniki spektroskopii mechanicznej stali narzędziowej do pracy na zimno poddanej obróbce kriogenicznej w celu odsłonięcia segregacji węgla i późniejszego tworzenia węglików. Dzięki połączeniu transmisyjnej mikroskopii elektronowej (TEM) i tomografii atomowej (APT) uzyskano maksymalny pik Snoek-Köstera (SK) w próbce poddanej obróbce kriogenicznej przez 1 godzinę w -130 • C. Wysokość piku SK obniża się wraz z wydłużeniem czasu obróbki. Wyniki wskazują, że zwiększenie wysokości piku SK jest połączone ze wzrostem gęstości dyslokacji i liczby segregowanych atomów węgla w sąsiedztwie dyslokacji lub płaszczyzn bliźniaczych po przemianie martenzytycznej w -130 • C, co potwierdzone jest odpowiednimi pomiarami TEM oraz APT. W związku z tym proponuje się, że izotermiczny martenzyt powstały podczas obróbki kriogenicznej zmniejsza wysokość piku SK.

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Influence of nickel on secondary hardening of a modified AISI H13 hot work die steel

Xia

Pengpeng

Yan

et al. 2019

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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This paper focuses on the effects of nickel on secondary hardening of a modified H13 hot work die steel. Both the non‐nickel steel and the nickel‐added steel get a secondary hardening peak at 520 °C, and the secondary hardening peak trends to increase in the nickel‐added steel. On the basis of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope observation, the rise of the secondary hardening peak is in connection with the precipitation of M3C type carbides. More strip‐shaped and needle‐shaped M3C type carbides precipitated from matrix. By means of internal friction, the result suggests that nickel does not affect the position of the Snoek‐Kê‐Köster peak, but the height of Snoek‐Kê‐Köster peak of the nickel‐added steel is higher, which indicates nickel enhances the interaction between dislocations and interstitial atoms, promoting the precipitation of carbides.

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Low-temperature martensitic transformation in tool steels in relation to their deep cryogenic treatment

Cited by 136 publications

References 25 publications

Alternative phase transformation path in cryogenically treated AISI D2 tool steel

Alternative phase transformation path in cryogenically treated AISI D2 tool steel

Experimental Investigation Of Segregation Of Carbon Atoms Due To Sub-Zero Cryogenic Treatment In Cold Work Tool Steel By Mechanical Spectroscopy And Atom Probe Tomography

Influence of nickel on secondary hardening of a modified AISI H13 hot work die steel

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