Low-temperature lithium extraction from α-spodumene with NH4HF2: Modeling and optimization by least squares and artificial neural networks

Resentera, Alexander C.; Esquivel, M.R.; Rodríguez, M. H.

doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2020.12.023

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…2.1.5. Salt roasting method In addition to leaching using acids and alkalis, salt roasting methods have also been reported, as shown in Table 1 [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. The main flow is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Direct Acid Leaching Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

Liu

Lü

et al. 2022

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century. Because of the development trend of global electrification, the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade, and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time. Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market, lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries. This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources. Existing methods are summarized by the main resources, such as spodumene, lepidolite, and brine. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared. Finally, reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods. This review provides a reference for the research, development, optimization, and industrial application of future processes.

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Section: Direct Acid Leaching Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More salt must be used when the more stable α-spodumene is treated with the salt roasting method. For example, 17.5 times the molar amount of NH 4 HF 2 was roasted with αspodumene by Resentera et al [55][56] to achieve 96% lithium extraction yield. The reaction is shown in reaction (16).…”

Section: Direct Acid Leaching Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

Liu

Lü

et al. 2022

Int J Miner Metall Mater

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Section: Recovery Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Australia’s Spodumene: Advances in Lithium Extraction Technologies, Decarbonization, and Circular Economy

Asif,

Li,

Lim

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Among all of the lithium-bearing minerals, spodumene possesses the highest theoretical lithium abundance. Since the 1990s, Australia, with the world's largest spodumene (LiAl(SiO 3 ) 2 ) reserves, has been producing lithium as a mineral concentrate rather than a refined product. Nevertheless, the country is now moving forward to fortify its processing facilities, aligning with the vision for greener energy. This review provides a comprehensive outlook on the current status of spodumene reserves and their processing facilities along with potential expansion in the future. Spodumene processing requires several metallurgical processes ranging from salt roasting to acid leaching. However, the conventional industrial practices for Li-extraction from ores result in excessive pressure on resources, energy, and waste management. Considering these factors as an indicator of a circular economy, the process of lithium extraction should be simplified. In such a context, different practices for Li-extraction from spodumene are exemplified by recent technological advancements. Afterward, strategies for decarbonization, waste management, and environmental aspects were provided, with a perspective of circular economy. This review is expected to serve as a reference for research and development for potential industrial applications in ore processing especially for spodumene.

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“…However, there are some discrepancies in the effectiveness of some salts. Additionally, the required dosage or roasting temperature of some salts such as NH 4 HF 2 , Ca(OH) 2 , and NaHSO 4 is still too high. − Therefore, this paper focuses on filling this research gap and addressing the challenges of extraction of Li from spodumene by developing an alternative process for direct extraction of Li from α-spodumene by salt roasting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Extraction of Lithium from α-Spodumene by Salt Roasting–Leaching Process

Han

Sagzhanov

Pan

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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In recent years, several methods have been reported to extract lithium (Li) from spodumene. However, the majority of them still require the transformation of the naturally occurring spodumene phase (α) to the more reactive crystalline phase (β) by calcination at 1100 °C. To address the economic drawbacks and high greenhouse gas emission of this phase transformation, this study aimed to directly extract Li from α-spodumene. Nine reagents of alkali metals (Group IA), alkaline earth metals (Group IIA), and ammonium (NH4 +) salts were examined for roasting and phase transformation of α-spodumene to water- or acid-soluble phases. For this purpose, sequential roasting, water leaching, and acid leaching were performed. The leaching recovery results showed that the order of roasting efficacy of the three reagent categories is Group IA > Group IIA > > NH4 +. 71 and 88% of water leaching and total leaching recovery values, correspondingly, were achieved by the NaOH roasting–water leaching–acid leaching process, under the nonoptimized conditions of a roasting temperature of 320 °C, an NaOH: spodumene ratio of 1.5:1, and a roasting time of 2 h. Thermodynamics analysis by FactSage demonstrated that α-spodumene was decomposed to Na2SiO3, Na4SiO4, NaAlO2, and Li3NaSiO4 by NaOH and to NaAlSiO4, Na2SiO3, and Li3NaSiO4 by Na2CO3. Eh-pH diagrams calculated by HSC Chemistry revealed that despite the low solubility of lithium silicates in water, they dissolve at high pH (>12.5), explaining the high water leaching recovery of Li. In future studies, the optimization of the process parameters will be conducted to maximize the Li recovery in water leaching, while recovering other valuable elements as byproducts.

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Low-temperature lithium extraction from α-spodumene with NH4HF2: Modeling and optimization by least squares and artificial neural networks

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

A review of lithium extraction from natural resources

Australia’s Spodumene: Advances in Lithium Extraction Technologies, Decarbonization, and Circular Economy

Direct Extraction of Lithium from α-Spodumene by Salt Roasting–Leaching Process

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