Low‐temperature fast curable behavior and properties of bio‐based carbon fiber composites based on resveratrol

Abstract

Environmentally friendly materials are an integral part of sustainable chemistry, and bio‐based polymer composites are an important class of materials. The manufacture of composites is expected to reduce or even eliminate the use of adjuvants, considering the importance of reducing energy consumption and avoiding health and environmental risks. In this study, a phenyl‐containing, polyfunctional, bio‐based epoxy resin (TGER) was synthesized, and carbon fiber‐reinforced, bio‐based epoxy resin composites were fabricated by vacuum‐assisted resin infusion using two aromatic amine curing agents, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and 3,3′‐diethyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DEDDM). Curing reactions and rheological behavior studies showed that TGER had higher curing reactivity toward DDM and DEDDM than to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and possessed good processability. The results indicated that the resveratrol‐based epoxy resin displayed low‐temperature fast curing properties. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of the carbon fiber composites showed that the flexural strengths of CF/TGER/DDM and CF/TGER/DEDDM were 520 and 628 MPa, respectively. The initial decomposition temperature of CF/TGER composites is above 200°C. Furthermore, the carbon fiber–reinforced biopolymers possess excellent heat resistance. Therefore, carbon fiber‐reinforced, resveratrol‐based epoxy resin composites are promising candidates as alternatives to petroleum‐based high‐performance carbon fiber composites.

Investigation on the properties and structures of resveratrol-derived epoxy thermosets cured with an active ester

“…21,22 Most of the previous studies on resveratrol and its derivatives have been on anti-cancer and biological activities, etc. 23,24 In recent years, there have also been some studies on the preparation of epoxy resins using resveratrol as a raw material, and some resins have good thermal stability and high char yield, 15,[25][26][27] or resins have high temperature resistance and intrinsic flame retardancy properties. 28,29 However, most of the bio-based epoxy resins are prepared with only bio-based epoxy monomers, while hardeners are common fossil-derived compounds such as DDM and MHHPA, and the amount of hardener in the epoxy resin is usually about half.…”

Resveratrol-Derived Liquid Crystal Epoxy Resin with Low-Dielectric Properties and Excellent Mechanical Strength and Toughness

“…The detailed data of the critical parameters for evaluating thermostability are listed in Table S1. According to Figure a, the 5 wt % loss temperature ( T 5 % ) of AE-Res/BPDGE and AE-Res/DGEBA was more than 370 °C; AE-Res/BPDGE exhibited a T 5% at 383.22 °C, which was much higher than those of resveratrol-based epoxy resins. ,, The heat resistance index ( T s ) is generally used to evaluate the thermal stability of EPs. The heat resistance index is calculated using the following formula: T s = 0.49 ( 0.4 T 5 % + 0.6 T 30 % ) …”

Novel Multifunction Epoxy Thermoset Designed by Manipulating the Silicon-Oxidation Flexible-Rigid Network Topology: Toughening, Strengthening, and Acid/Alkali Resistance

“…Thermosetting epoxy resins (EPs) and their composites are widely used in various fields, such as aerospace, automotive, and construction, owing to their good strength, heat resistance, and dimensional stability. – Their superior performances are attributed to the presence of covalently cross-linked networks. – However, the structure of the cross-linked network is hard to control, leading to difficulties in regulating properties, such as strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, and thermal properties, and overcoming the inherent strength–toughness trade-off. , Generally, the highly rigid cross-linked structures make it difficult for thermosetting resins to dissipate internal stress caused by various applied loads, allowing the formation and evolution of cracks during use and finally resulting in the permanent failure of materials. , Considering the nonrecyclability of thermosetting materials, this problem shortens their service life and is not conducive to the safe use and sustainable development of EPs . Therefore, constructing and regulating cross-linked networks that couple hardness with softness to achieve controllable properties and overcome the trade-off effect between strength and toughness are the biggest difficulties faced in the development of EPs.…”