Low-temperature fabrication of macroporous scaffolds through foaming and hydration of tricalcium silicate paste and their bioactivity

Abstract

A low-temperature fabrication method for highly porous bioactive scaffolds was developed. The twostep method involved the foaming of tricalcium silicate cement paste and hydration to form calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. Scaffolds with a combination of interconnected macro-and micro-sized pores were fabricated by making use of the decomposition of a hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) solution that acted as a foaming agent and through the hydration of tricalcium silicate cement. It was found possible to control the porosity and pore sizes by adjusting the concentration of the H 2 O 2 solution. The in vitro bioactivity of the highly porous scaffolds was investigated by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was formed on the surface of the scaffolds. Their bioactivity could be expected to be as good as that of tricalcium silicate cement, making the material competent for the bone tissue engineering application.

In Vitro Dissolution, Microstructural and Mechanical Characterizations of Microplasma‐Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coating

“…Further, after the immersion into the SBF solution, two major peaks (marked as A/O in Fig. b) could be identified as carbonated apatite and/or octacalcium phosphate (OCP) as also indexed by others . The two peaks were more dominant as the immersion time progressed.…”

“…3b) could be identified as carbonated apatite and/or octacalcium phosphate (OCP) as also indexed by others. 46,48,49 The two peaks were more dominant as the immersion time progressed. The crystallographic structure of carbonated apatite, OCP, and HAp is almost similar in terms of peak position.…”

Experimental Investigation of Closed Porosity of Inorganic Solidified Foam Designed to Prevent Coal Fires

“…When C 11 A 7 ⋅CaF 2 is added to an inorganic solidified foam system, Al 2 O 3 , coming from the admixture, could react with gypsum to immediately form ettringite crystals (AFt), which will adhere to the particle surface [25]. At the same time, the consumption of gypsum accelerates the rate of tricalcium silicate (C 3 S) hydration, forming a small amount of fibrous CSH filling among the cement particles [26].…”

The Effect of Power Rate Microwave Heating on Limestone Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Scaffold Using Gas Foaming Method

“…For affording a 3D scaffold with good mechanical strength, compressive, bending, and potentially improving bioactivity in vivo, a ceramic-based scaffold can provide these characteristics. Several studies have been reported to fabricate a 3D ceramic-based scaffold: free casting, sacrificial template, and direct foaming/gas foaming [4,14]. The simplest way that is commonly used is gas foaming.…”

“…Scaffold fabrication often involves a high temperature to achieve an acceptable hardness and to make it solvent-free. Nevertheless, high-temperature heating causes decreasing bioactivity and undesirable crystallisation [14]. For those reasons, the microwave heating method appears to become an alternative option for heating.…”