Low temperature effect on production of ampicillin and cephalexin in ethylene glycol medium with immobilized penicillin acylase

Penicillin acylase-catalyzed synthesis of N-bromoacetyl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid, the key intermediate for the production of cefathiamidine

“…The highest product yield was obtained at 20 °C. Higher temperature resulted in the lower yields when the temperature was more than 20 °C, which is in good agreement with previous results in the enzymatic synthesis of other semi-synthetic antibiotics (Aguirre et al 2006; Wei et al 2003). The reason might be that, as compared to synthesis, the hydrolytic reactions became predominant at high temperature (e.g., 30 and 40 °C), which could be verified by the lower S/H ratios at higher temperature (Fig.…”

Interface Between Two Immiscible Liquid Electrolytes: A Review

“…Valinomycin, which forms very selective complex with potassium, was studied on such ITIES [57][58][59][60][61][62][63] as were β-lactam antibiotics and their derivatives 64 , the channel former alamecithin 65 . It is not without interest that antibiotics can be also synthesized, using a two phase method, on a liquidliquid interface 66,67 The interface is also a natural site where polar and in particular large molecules can be absorbed. Phospoholipids [68][69][70][71] , phosphatidylcholine 21,[72][73][74] , acetylcholine [75][76][77] , cellular protein annexin 78 , and proteins (bovine serum albumin), were all studied.…”

In situ mixed donor synthesis of ampicillin with ethylene glycol co‐solvent

“…The enzyme utilized to synthesize these antibiotics is penicillin G acylase (PGA, EC 3.5.1.11), a large heterodimeric enzyme that belongs to the N‐terminal nucleophile superfamily and is specific for phenylacetyl derivatives (Done et al, ; Duggleby et al, ; McVey et al, ). There have been numerous studies on the effects of different organic co‐solvents on the synthesis of semi‐synthetic β‐lactam antibiotics (Aguirre et al, ; Chow et al, ; Illanes and Fajardo, ; Illanes et al, ; Kim and Lee, ; Pan et al, ; van Langen et al, ; Wei and Yang, ; Zhang et al, ). Water‐miscible co‐solvents, and more specifically polyols, are cited as suitable media for these syntheses (Aguirre et al, ; Illanes et al, ).…”

“…There have been numerous studies on the effects of different organic co‐solvents on the synthesis of semi‐synthetic β‐lactam antibiotics (Aguirre et al, ; Chow et al, ; Illanes and Fajardo, ; Illanes et al, ; Kim and Lee, ; Pan et al, ; van Langen et al, ; Wei and Yang, ; Zhang et al, ). Water‐miscible co‐solvents, and more specifically polyols, are cited as suitable media for these syntheses (Aguirre et al, ; Illanes et al, ). Of these co‐solvents, ethylene glycol (EG) has been most studied because it has been proven to be the most effective at improving the yield while maintaining productivity for β‐lactam antibiotic syntheses.…”