“…Moreover, in the case of semiconductor photocatalysts, the quantum yields of photocatalytic reactions (even under UV irradiation) do not reach the theoretical value of 100% because of the charge carriers' recombination (surface or bulk (Herrmann, 1999)). Therefore, numerous studies on the performance improvements have been carried out, focusing on the following aspects: (i) controlled synthesis conditions to improve the properties of photocatalysts (e.g., high crystallinity, a lack of defects, large specific surface area, pure polymorphic forms or fixed ratio of different polymorphs), (ii) morphology architecture, such as the preparation of photocatalysts with exposed facets, different dimensions, advanced morphologies (e.g., inverse opals, nanotubes, nanowires), and (iii) preparation of composite photocatalysts, e.g., by using the metallic or/and nonmetallic elements, and different compounds, to modify the surface or/and the structure of photocatalysts (Bakar and Ribeiro, 2016;Cai et al, 2016;Cheng et al, 2016;Lee et al, 2021;Wang T. M. et al, 2022;Dey et al, 2022;Korosi et al, 2022;Shehab et al, 2022;Shukla and Angappane, 2022). It should be mentioned that for both purposes, i.e., an appearance of vis response and activity enhancement under UV, similar methods have been used for the modifications of wide-bandgap semiconductors, i.e., doping, surface modification, coupling, and nanoarchitecture design (Sun et al, 2019;Huang et al, 2020;Yoshimura et al, 2020;Luo et al, 2021).…”