Low-temperature carbon-based electrodes in perovskite solar cells

Bogachuk, Dmitry; Zouhair, Salma; Wojciechowski, Konrad; Yang, Bowen; Babu, V. Suresh; Wagner, Lukas; Bai, Xu; Lim, Jae-Keun; Mastroianni, Simone; Pettersson, Henrik; Hagfeldt, Anders; Hinsch, Andreas

doi:10.1039/d0ee02175j

Cited by 157 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 223 publications

(300 reference statements)

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“… 21 , 22 In paintable C-PSCs, the carbon electrode is directly deposited onto the perovskite layer, or the hole-transporting layer (HTL), or the electron-transporting layer (ETL) depending on the device configuration (i.e., CTL-free devices, n–i–p and p–i–n configurations, respectively). 23 , 24 The main acclaimed advantages of C-CEs are as follows: 16 , 17 , 25 (1) low cost, which, however, strongly depends on the type of the carbon materials. The hole-extraction properties of C-CEs can also eliminate the use of (expensive) HTLs required for noble metal-based CEs; 23 , 25 , 26 (2) chemical inertness to halide ions, which eliminates the corrosion of metallic CEs; 9 and (3) hydrophobic characteristics, which intrinsically limit the intake of moisture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 17 The engineering of perovskite, CE, and interlayer represents a common strategy to mitigate the current C-PSC limitations. 17 Nevertheless, paintable C-PSCs based on low-temperature-processed CEs are currently considered convenient configurations to close the PCE gap between C-PSC and noble-metal ones. 17 In particular, the knowledge used for the fabrication of the state-of-the-art PSCs is directly transferable into such C-PSCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 17 Nevertheless, paintable C-PSCs based on low-temperature-processed CEs are currently considered convenient configurations to close the PCE gap between C-PSC and noble-metal ones. 17 In particular, the knowledge used for the fabrication of the state-of-the-art PSCs is directly transferable into such C-PSCs. 17 In fact, low-temperature-processed C-CEs (1) can be easily integrated with established effective CTLs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 17 In particular, the knowledge used for the fabrication of the state-of-the-art PSCs is directly transferable into such C-PSCs. 17 In fact, low-temperature-processed C-CEs (1) can be easily integrated with established effective CTLs. Meanwhile, they are (2) compatible with large perovskite crystals, which are not constrained by the pore size of mesoporous C-CEs in C-PSCs; (3) applicable to flexible configurations, enabling low-cost, roll-to-roll manufacturing processes; and (4) highly scalable since their short sintering optimally matches with the highest production rate reported so far for the underlying PSC structures (in the order of 0.1 m 2 min –1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Low-Temperature Graphene-Based Paste for Large-Area Carbon Perovskite Solar Cells

Mariani

Najafi

Bianca

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Carbon perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs), using carbon-based counter electrodes (C-CEs), promise to mitigate instability issues while providing solution-processed and low-cost device configurations. In this work, we report the fabrication and characterization of efficient paintable C-PSCs obtained by depositing a low-temperature-processed graphene-based carbon paste atop prototypical mesoscopic and planar n–i–p structures. Small-area (0.09 cm 2 ) mesoscopic C-PSCs reach a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.81% while showing an improved thermal stability under the ISOS-D-2 protocol compared to the reference devices based on Au CEs. The proposed graphene-based C-CEs are applied to large-area (1 cm 2 ) mesoscopic devices and low-temperature-processed planar n–i–p devices, reaching PCEs of 13.85 and 14.06%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these PCE values are among the highest reported for large-area C-PSCs in the absence of back-contact metallization or additional stacked conductive components or a thermally evaporated barrier layer between the charge-transporting layer and the C-CE (strategies commonly used for the record-high efficiency C-PSCs). In addition, we report a proof-of-concept of metallized miniwafer-like area C-PSCs (substrate area = 6.76 cm 2 , aperture area = 4.00 cm 2 ), reaching a PCE on active area of 13.86% and a record-high PCE on aperture area of 12.10%, proving the metallization compatibility with our C-PSCs. Monolithic wafer-like area C-PSCs can be feasible all-solution-processed configurations, more reliable than prototypical perovskite solar (mini)modules based on the serial connection of subcells, since they mitigate hysteresis-induced performance losses and hot-spot-induced irreversible material damage caused by reverse biases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Low-Temperature Graphene-Based Paste for Large-Area Carbon Perovskite Solar Cells

Mariani

Najafi

Bianca

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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show abstract

“…An electrode is one of the major constituents of a PSC governing the process of charge collection, playing a key role in long term stability, and determines the total cost of device. Some of the recently reported electrode materials for PSCs include metal thin-film electrode, nano-structured metal electrode [ 87 ], graphene electrode [ 88 ] and carbon electrodes [ 89 , 90 ]. Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene emerged as the most suitable choice for potential application as electrode in PSCs because of its many excellent properties such as high intrinsic electrical conductivity [ 91 ], high optical transparency [ 92 ], outstanding biocompatibility, remarkable flexibility, environment-friendliness and adjustable WF [ 93 ].…”

Section: Applications Of Mxenes In Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of MXenes in Perovskite Solar Cells: A Short Review

et al. 2021

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Application of MXene materials in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has attracted considerable attention owing to their supreme electrical conductivity, excellent carrier mobility, adjustable surface functional groups, excellent transparency and superior mechanical properties. This article reviews the progress made so far in using Ti3C2TxMXene materials in the building blocks of perovskite solar cells such as electrodes, hole transport layer (HTL), electron transport layer (ETL) and perovskite photoactive layer. Moreover, we provide an outlook on the exciting opportunities this recently developed field offers, and the challenges faced in effectively incorporating MXene materials in the building blocks of PSCs for better operational stability and enhanced performance.

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Overview and Outlook on Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes in Perovskite Photovoltaics from Single‐Junction to Tandem Applications

Choi

Han

Yoon

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Nanocarbon materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have attracted considerable attention as the main or supplementary components in various optoelectronics boosting the device performance and improving the process conditions. Specifically, their application to perovskite solar cells, which are among the most promising photovoltaic devices acknowledged for eco‐friendly energy generation, has significantly impacted the current standing of metal halide perovskite‐based devices. The uniqueness of the nanocarbon applications can be attributed to their outstanding optical, electrical, chemical and mechanical properties, which conventional materials do not possess. This review overviews past and present reports on graphene‐ and CNT‐incorporated perovskite solar cells. Versatile roles and various synthetic methodologies of the applied nanocarbons in perovskite solar cells, including the material growth methods and sources, and functions as transparent electrodes, charge‐transporting layers, interfacial layers, additives and encapsulants, are categorized and graphically illustrated. The discussion expands from single‐junction to tandem applications with silicon solar cells, where the nanocarbon materials also play an equally important yet divergent function. Applications of each graphene and CNTs to the silicon‐perovskite tandem solar cells are interpreted in terms of what roles they play and how they solve the conventional problems. This review serves as the guideline for the photovoltaics researchers in advancing devices using nanocarbons.

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Low-temperature carbon-based electrodes in perovskite solar cells

Abstract: Carbon-based electrodes have been widely applied in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of their chemical inertness and compatibility with up-scalable techniques, signifying their solid potential for mass-production. The material scarcity...

Cited by 157 publications

References 223 publications

Low-Temperature Graphene-Based Paste for Large-Area Carbon Perovskite Solar Cells

Low-Temperature Graphene-Based Paste for Large-Area Carbon Perovskite Solar Cells

Application of MXenes in Perovskite Solar Cells: A Short Review

Overview and Outlook on Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes in Perovskite Photovoltaics from Single‐Junction to Tandem Applications

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