Low-temperature biochar production from torrefaction for wastewater treatment: A review

The effect of various thermochemical methods on the production of biochar and removal of 2‐naphthol orange from wastewater

“…Undoubtedly, the advantages of the torrefaction method played an important role in selecting the 200–1 treatment as the most suitable adsorbent. The important aspects of the torrefaction technology, compared to other thermochemical conversion methods (pyrolysis and gasification), include increasing the energy density of the biomass, improving the grindability of the biomass, converting the moisture‐absorbing biomass into hydrophobic materials, and retaining abundant surface redox functional groups 20,32 . The key factor influencing the porosity and surface area of biochar is thought to be temperature, and pore development is best at 400–700 °C.…”

“…The increase in temperature increases the specific surface area, pore diameter and pore volume required for the adsorption of various pollutants by biochar. However, a comparative study of biochar torrefied at low temperatures and biochar produced at high temperatures found insignificant differences in their adsorption capacities 20 . Furthermore, Tu et al reported that the adsorption capacity of the biochar produced by the torrefaction process did not alter linearly with the rise in torrefaction temperature.…”

“…However, a comparative study of biochar torrefied at low temperatures and biochar produced at high temperatures found insignificant differences in their adsorption capacities. 20 Furthermore, Tu et al reported that the adsorption capacity of the biochar produced by the torrefaction process did not alter linearly with the rise in torrefaction temperature. Therefore, torrefied biochar's porosity, surface area and functional group diversity are crucial for its adsorption impact.…”

A Study of the Feasibility of Pinus patula Biochar: The Regeneration of the Indigo Carmine-Loaded Biochar and Its Efficiency for Real Textile Wastewater Treatment

“…Moreover, heat is produced by the conversion of electromagnetic energy, which causes the volatilization of the adsorbate. In microwave regeneration, the distortion of BC mesopores can be produced by the heat generated by the waves [19]. In supercritical fluid regeneration, a supercritical fluid is used as a desorption agent to desorb the adsorbate from the adsorbent surface through the means of pressure adjusting.…”

“…In supercritical fluid regeneration, a supercritical fluid is used as a desorption agent to desorb the adsorbate from the adsorbent surface through the means of pressure adjusting. Even though supercritical fluid regeneration can be performed under low temperatures and there is a low loss of BC, this method is expensive, and its investigation is still at a laboratory scale [19,20].…”