Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Electron Transport Layers for Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

Erdenebileg, Enkhtur; Wang, Hao; Li, Jia; Singh, Nandan; Dewi, Herlina Arianita; Tiwari, Nidhi; Mhaisalkar, Subodh; Bruno, Annalisa

doi:10.1002/solr.202270011

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Here, we introduce O 3 as a potential coreactant for ALD. Reactive oxygen has been shown to have high efficacy for degrading organic molecules, and other studies have shown that either O 3 or O 2 plasma is beneficial for metal oxide ALD at low temperatures. − Thus, we studied O 3 as a coreactant for growing Al 2 O 3 with TMA, TEA, TDMAA, and DMAI as aluminum precursors. In all cases, the studies sought to determine coreactant exposure conditions that could produce growth rates similar to the analogous process involving TMA and water (∼1 Å/cyc).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area-Selective Deposition by Cyclic Adsorption and Removal of 1-Nitropropane

Yarbrough,

Bent

2023

J. Phys. Chem. A

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The ever-greater complexity of modern electronic devices requires a larger chemical toolbox to support their fabrication. Here, we explore the use of 1-nitropropane as a small molecule inhibitor (SMI) for selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) on a combination of SiO2, Cu, CuO x , and Ru substrates. Results using water contact angle goniometry, Auger electron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy show that 1-nitropropane selectively chemisorbs to form a high-quality inhibition layer on Cu and CuO x at an optimized temperature of 100 °C, but not on SiO2 and Ru. When tested against Al2O3 ALD, however, a single pulse of 1-nitropropane is insufficient to block deposition on the Cu surface. Thus, a new multistep process is developed for low-temperature Al2O3 ALD that cycles through exposures of 1-nitropropane, an aluminum metalorganic precursor, and coreactants H2O and O3, allowing the SMI to be sequentially reapplied and etched. Four different Al ALD precursors were investigated: trimethylaluminum (TMA), triethylaluminum (TEA), tris(dimethylamido)aluminum (TDMAA), and dimethylaluminum isopropoxide (DMAI). The resulting area-selective ALD process enables up to 50 cycles of Al2O3 ALD on Ru but not Cu, with 98.7% selectivity using TEA, and up to 70 cycles at 97.4% selectivity using DMAI. This work introduces a new class of SMI for selective ALD at lower temperatures, which could expand selective growth schemes to biological or organic substrates where temperature instability may be a concern.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area-Selective Deposition by Cyclic Adsorption and Removal of 1-Nitropropane

Yarbrough,

Bent

2023

J. Phys. Chem. A

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“…Developing highly efficient HTMs is crucial for high‐performance PSCs. Currently, two primary types of HTMs include inorganic HTMs, such as NiOx, [14–18] CuSCN, [19–20] and organic HTMs, such as PTAA, PEDOT:PSS are widely used in inverted PSCs. For inorganic HTMs, most of them have poor solubility, making it challenging to create compact and smooth thin films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fluorination Strategy and Low‐Acidity Anchoring Group in Self‐Assembled Molecules for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Sun,

Fan,

et al. 2024

Chemistry A European J

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Herein, we synthesized two donor‐acceptor (D‐A) type small organic molecules with self‐assembly properties, namely MPA‐BT‐BA and MPA‐2FBT‐BA, both containing a low acidity anchoring group, benzoic acid. After systematically investigation, it is found that, with the fluorination, the MPA‐2FBT‐BA demonstrates a lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level, higher hole mobility, higher hydrophobicity and stronger interaction with the perovskite layer than that of MPA‐BT‐BA. As a result, the device based‐on MPA‐2FBT‐BA displays a better crystallization and morphology of perovskite layer with larger grain size and less non‐radiative recombination. Consequently, the device using MPA‐2FBT‐BA as hole transport material achieved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.32% and remarkable stability. After being kept in an N2 glove box for 116 days, the unsealed PSCs’ device retained 93% of its initial PCE. Even exposed to air with a relative humidity range of 30±5% for 43 days, its PCE remained above 91% of its initial condition. This study highlights the vital importance of the fluorination strategy combined with a low acidity anchoring group in SAMs, offering a pathway to achieve efficient and stable PSCs.

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“…investigated the properties of ETL grown by ALD in co‐evaporated PSCs at low temperature, ultimately, the champion PSCs with power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 19.30% at 120 °C and 150 cycles. [ 9 ] In 2021, through adjusting the CBD process of SnO 2 , J. J. Yoo et al. developed an ETL with optimal film coverage, thickness, composition, which can minimize the band gap losses, ultimately achieved a certified PCE of 25.2%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline Derivative as a Multifunctional Interfacial Bridge through Synergistic Effects for Improving the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

Meng,

Sun,

Shen

et al. 2024

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The interfacial carrier non‐radiative recombination caused by buried defects in electron transport layer (ETL) material and the energy barrier severely hinders further improvement in efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, the effect of the SnO2 ETL doped with choline chloride (CC), acetylcholine chloride (AC), and phosphocholine chloride sodium salt (PCSS) are investigated. These dopants modify the interface between SnO2 ETL and perovskite layer, acting as a bridge through synergistic effects to form uniform ETL films, enhance the interface contact, and passivate defects. Ultimately, compared with CC (which with ─OH) and AC (which with C═O), the PCSS with P═O and sodium ions groups is more beneficial for improving performance. The device based on PCSS‐doped SnO2 ETL achieves an efficiency of 23.06% with a high VOC of 1.2 V, which is considerably higher than the control device (20.55%). Moreover, after aging for 500 h at a temperature of 25 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 30–40%, the unsealed device based on SnO2‐PCSS ETL maintains 94% of its initial efficiency, while the control device only 80%. This study provides a meaningful reference for the design and selection of ideal pre‐buried additive molecules.

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Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Electron Transport Layers for Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Area-Selective Deposition by Cyclic Adsorption and Removal of 1-Nitropropane

Area-Selective Deposition by Cyclic Adsorption and Removal of 1-Nitropropane

A Fluorination Strategy and Low‐Acidity Anchoring Group in Self‐Assembled Molecules for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Choline Derivative as a Multifunctional Interfacial Bridge through Synergistic Effects for Improving the Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

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