Low speed penetration in solids

Tamagna, Alberto; Riera, Jorge Daniel

doi:10.1016/s0029-5493(97)00272-0

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Tamagna and Riera 1998;Goldsmith 1999). Ductile material is elastic and can be stretched before perforation whereas fragile material is brittle and will break before any noticeable stretching occurs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectory reconstruction from trace evidence on spent bullets

Karger

Hoekstra

2001

International Journal of Legal Medicine

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Contact of a fired bullet with an intermediate target of sufficient resistance commonly causes the bullet to ricochet, fragment or perforate together with a deviation in trajectory. The transfer of intermediate target material to bullets and subsequent detection on the bullet surface after recovery from a bullet collector, were examined using a scanning electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS). A total of 76 gunshots (9 mm Luger FMJ RN bullets) were fired at various intermediate targets and at combinations of intermediate targets and tissue located in line. Elements already present on unfired bullets and elements from the bullet collector, the jacket, the charge and primer could be consistently detected as a "background". Abundant deposits of "fragile" (brittle) materials such as concrete, flat glass, asphalt and gypsum board could be visualised on every bullet by SEM. The transfer dynamics involved a direct imprint of target material on the bullet surface and thus preferential locations at the tip but also indirect deposition over the entire surface ("powder effect"). X-ray microanalysis demonstrated matching spectra of the elemental composition of these deposits and of the targets contacted. After perforation of "ductile" (flexible) materials such as wood and car body parts, the deposits on the bullets did not show characteristic spectra. If multi-layered car metal targets were hit, few and uncharacteristic fragments were scattered over the bullet surface and titanium indicative of paint-work could be determined on only a minority of bullets. The elemental composition of wood itself was heterogeneous but the fibrous morphology of the deposits was typical. The SEM/EDS findings in gunshots including subsequent perforation of tissue were similar. In particular, the trace evidence primarily transferred to the bullets was not eliminated by secondary contact and the determination of the fragile target materials was not affected. So when a person is killed or injured by a gunshot, the presence of a ricochet and the target material can be determined. This possibility needs to be considered before an evidential bullet is cleaned or contaminated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectory reconstruction from trace evidence on spent bullets

Karger

Hoekstra

2001

International Journal of Legal Medicine

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“…Thus, Rosenberg and Kositski (2017) concluded that the continuous recording of these force-distance profiles, during static deep indentation tests, can be used to account for the resisting stress histories during the deep penetration of rigid projectiles. We should note that similar deep indentation tests were performed by Tamagna and Riera (1998) on lead and gypsum targets, as well as by Wright et al (1992) and by Satapathy and Bless (2000) on PC and Plexiglas targets, respectively. However, these works were aimed at comparing the constant indentation stresses with predictions from the cavity expansion models of Bishop et al (1945).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Inferring the ballistic resistance of thick targets from static deep indentation tests

Rosenberg

Malka-Markovitz

Kositski

2018

International Journal of Protective Structures

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The aim of this work is to demonstrate that one can derive the value of the dynamic resistive stress, which a given target exerts on a rigid projectile, by following the force needed to push a rigid indenter into the target in a static deep indentation test. In this study, we used a relatively soft target made of a lead-antimony alloy and a concrete target, representing ductile metals and brittle solids, respectively. For both targets, we followed the force-distance curves obtained by the deep indentations of hard punches, as they were slowly pushed in the targets by a loading frame. The effect of friction during these tests was taken into account in order to obtain the net axial resisting stresses, which were applied by the targets on these indenters. These static resisting stresses, at deep penetrations, were compared with the dynamic resisting stresses, which were inferred from the impacts of armor-piercing projectiles on these targets. The good agreement between the two sets of values strongly enhances the claim that one can use static indentation tests in order to estimate the ballistic resistance of various targets to rigid projectile penetration. The effect of strain rate sensitivity is highlighted by the test results for both the metallic and concrete targets. In addition, important insights concerning the cavitation phenomenon in the penetration of rigid projectiles are also highlighted in this work.

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“…An experimental work on low velocity penetration has been reported by Tamagna and Riera (1993). Based on the test results, empirical and semiempirical formula have been developed which relate contact force (or stress) to penetration depth (Tamagna and Riera 1998), and the relationship was to found to be affected by both the impactor material and contact surface. Experimental investigations of different scales have been carried out over the years to better understand the behaviour of RC structures to impact actions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Analytical Assessment of Flexural Behavior of Cantilevered RC Walls Subjected to Impact Actions

et al. 2020

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Reinforced concrete (RC) impact-resistance barriers, such as rockfall barriers, often consist of a cantilever RC wall, which is expected to experience flexural bending under impact loading to resist the associated design actions. In order to investigate the flexural response behaviour of an RC cantilever wall, a large-scale experiment was carried out on a fixed base RC cantilevered barrier wall measured 1.5 m in height, 3 m in length and 0.23 m in thickness. Two "torpedo" shaped steel impactors with mass of 280 kg and 435 kg were released from controlled heights ranging from 0.2 m to 1.4 m in pendulum style to strike the top of the wall. The first half of this paper presents an overview, findings and results of this large-scale, original experimental work. The second half of the paper presents a displacement-based analytical model, which can be used to assess and determine important design parameters for cantilever RC barrier walls of this nature; including, deflection demand and material strains. Systematic comparisons of the experimental results and the proposed analytical model demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed model for assessing cantilevered RC barrier walls subject to impact actions.

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Low speed penetration in solids

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Trajectory reconstruction from trace evidence on spent bullets

Trajectory reconstruction from trace evidence on spent bullets

Inferring the ballistic resistance of thick targets from static deep indentation tests

Experimental and Analytical Assessment of Flexural Behavior of Cantilevered RC Walls Subjected to Impact Actions

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