“…The hippocampus of humans and rodents share a large variety of genetic, structural, functional, and pharmacological commonalities and also overlap in key events in maturation during adolescence and adulthood [ 14 , 15 , 20 ]. While the time scale of the central nervous system developmental phases is considerably different between human and murine species, rodents, however, also exhibit a remarkable vulnerability to nicotine addiction at to human corresponding age stages (e.g., adolescence) and also share numerous features when addiction-related physiological and behavioral changes are examined [ 14 , 15 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ]. The signaling elements that become altered and consolidated in the young brain upon nicotine exposure remain, however, poorly understood.…”