Low Seroprevalence Indicates Vulnerability of Eastern and Central Sudan to Infection with Chikungunya Virus

Adam, Awadalkareem; Seidahmed, Osama M. E.; Weber, Christopher; Schnierle, Barbara S.; Schmidt‐Chanasit, Jonas; Reiche, Sven; Jassoy, Christian

doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1897

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…ONNV, SINV, and SFV) or travel-acquired infections were observed or could not be excluded in some studies from Djibouti [27], Iran [28], Kuwait [29, 30], and Pakistan [26]. Viral neutralization testing was performed in a total of five studies from Djibouti [31], Iraq [32, 33], and Sudan [32–34]. Among acute febrile illness studies, the prevalence of laboratory-supported CHIKV infection was also highest in Sudan, with anti-CHIKV antibody prevalence by HI or ELISA ranging from 1.8% to 30%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Chikungunya in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe epidemiology of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is not well characterized despite increasing recognition of its expanding infection and disease burden in recent years.Methodology / Principal findingsFollowing Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and reporting our findings following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed records describing the human prevalence and incidence, CHIKV prevalence/infection rates in vectors, outbreaks, and reported cases for CHIKV across the MENA region. We identified 29 human seroprevalence measures, one human incidence study, one study reporting CHIKV infection rates in Aedes, and nine outbreaks and case reports/series reported in the MENA from 1970–2015. Overall, anti-CHIKV antibody or reports of autochthonous transmission were identified from 10 of 23 countries in the MENA region (Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen), with seroprevalence measures among general populations (median 1.0%, range 0–43%) and acute febrile illness populations (median 9.8%, range 0–30%). Sudan reported the highest number of studies (n = 11) and the highest seroprevalence among general populations (median 12%, range 0–43%) and undifferentiated acute febrile illness populations (median 18%, range 10–23%). CHIKV outbreaks were reported from Djibouti, Pakistan, Sudan, and Yemen.Conclusions / SignificanceSeroprevalence studies and outbreak reports suggest endemic transmission of urban cycle CHIKV in at least the Red Sea region and Pakistan. However, indications of seroprevalence despite a low quantity of CHIKV epidemiologic research from the region suggests that CHIKV transmission is currently underrecognized.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Chikungunya in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review

et al. 2017

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“…An epidemiological survey in East Sudan using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that 24% of pregnant women were infected with CHIKV and the infections were associated with preterm delivery [44]. A wider study across the country reported a relatively low seroprevalence of CHIKV in East and Central Sudan (1.8%) with 100% dengue virus seropositivity [61]. A large-scale outbreak of chikungunya was ongoing in East Sudan between May 2018 and March 2019, with more than 47,000 laboratory-confirmed cases [62,63].…”

Section: Chikungunya Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understandably, during epidemics of febrile illnesses, it is challenging to distinguish arboviral diseases from malaria and other infections due to the lack of laboratory capacity for proper diagnostics [5,6]. Despite the frequent reports of chikungunya from different parts of Sudan, there were no entomological studies investigating the vectors of the disease [61].…”

Section: Chikungunya Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks and Challenges of Arboviral Diseases in Sudan: The Urgent Need for Actions

Ahmed

Dietrich

LaBeaud

et al. 2020

Viruses

105

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The risk of emergence and/or re-emergence of arthropod-borne viral (arboviral) infections is rapidly growing worldwide, particularly in Africa. The burden of arboviral infections and diseases is not well scrutinized because of the inefficient surveillance systems in endemic countries. Furthermore, the health systems are fully occupied by the burden of other co-existing febrile illnesses, especially malaria. In this review we summarize the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the major human arboviral diseases and highlight the gap in knowledge, research, and control in Sudan. Published data in English up to March 2019 were reviewed and are discussed to identify the risks and challenges for the control of arboviruses in the country. In addition, the lack of suitable diagnostic tools such as viral genome sequencing, and the urgent need for establishing a genomic database of the circulating viruses and potential sources of entry are discussed. Moreover, the research and healthcare gaps and global health threats are analyzed, and suggestions for developing strategic health policy for the prevention and control of arboviruses with focus on building the local diagnostic and research capacity and establishing an early warning surveillance system for the early detection and containment of arboviral epidemics are offered.

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“…The infection is divided into acute and chronic phases. In 2016, several CHIKV outbreaks have been reported from different locations in Sudan, although the prevalence in the general population is unknown [9,21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and identification of arthropod-transmitted viruses in Kassala state, Eastern Sudan

Mohamed

Magzoub

Mohamed

et al. 2019

Libyan Journal of Medicine

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Vector-borne diseases are responsible for more than 20% of the infectious diseases worldwide. The prevalence of arboviruses transmit diseases to humans in Sudan has not been investigated. Mosquito-borne viral diseases increase globally incidence, including the Sudan. Frequent unknown fever outbreaks have been reported in eastern region, Sudan. However, diagnosis was based exclusively on clinical signs and symptoms without confirmatory laboratory investigations. However, for accurate detection of these viruses in outbreaks, molecular technique is considered. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of six arboviruses in the Kassala state of east Sudan during unknown fever outbreak. A cross sectional hospital-based study was conducted in the Kassala, Teaching Hospital. Blood samples from 119 patients suffering from unknown fever were used for screening of six arboviruses, hepatitis E virus and malarial using molecular techniques and serology. The overall arboviruses seroprevelance was 61.3% (73/119). The highest positivity rate was 73.1% (52/73) chikungunya virus; 29 males and 20 females patients were chikungunya positive. Other arboviruses were circulating in low rate 20.5% (15/73), and 6.8% (5/73) for sindbis and rift valley fever viruses respectively. Hepatitis E virus was negative in all cases and malaria positivity rate 13.4% (16/119). The prevalence of arboviruses among unknown fever patients present to Kassala teaching hospital of eastern region in Sudan is significantly high (61.3%). The chikungunya virus is the predominant causative agent of arboviruses. Molecular techniques such as PCR are important for accurate and rapid diagnosis of this viral outbreak.

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Low Seroprevalence Indicates Vulnerability of Eastern and Central Sudan to Infection with Chikungunya Virus

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

Urban Chikungunya in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review

Urban Chikungunya in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review

Risks and Challenges of Arboviral Diseases in Sudan: The Urgent Need for Actions

Prevalence and identification of arthropod-transmitted viruses in Kassala state, Eastern Sudan

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