Low Salivary Cortisol and Persistent Aggression in Boys Referred for Disruptive Behavior

McBurnett, Keith; Lahey, Benjamin B.; Rathouz, Paul J.; Loeber, Rolf

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.38

Cited by 429 publications

(320 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The finding of low post-awakening cortisol levels in the DP + subgroup are in line with other studies that have found low cortisol levels in antisocial children (McBurnett et al, 2000;Pajer et al, 2001;Tennes et al, 1986;Tennes and Kreye, 1985). Notably, low cortisol levels were only observed in the first hour after awakening, whereas during the rest of the day the levels were not significantly different between groups, emphasizing the need for repetitive cortisol sampling over the day in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Some studies in minors demonstrated low cortisol levels in resting conditions to be associated with antisocial behavior (Pajer et al, 2001;McBurnett et al, 2000;Tennes et al, 1986;Tennes and Kreye, 1985), whereas others did not report a significant relationship (Azar et al, 2004;Schulz et al, 1997;Kruesi et al, 1989;Scerbo and Kolko, 1994;Klimes-Dougan et al, 2001;Stoff et al, 1992). In a recent longitudinal study, low cortisol levels in preadolescence were found to be associated with low harm avoidance, low self-control, and more aggressive behavior when reaching middle adolescence 5 years later (Shoal et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

Popma

Doreleijers

Jansen

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Patterns of low hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity have been observed in antisocial groups. As conflicting results have been reported in children and adolescents, the aim of this study was to further investigate HPA activity in antisocial behavior by studying the relationship between the diurnal cortisol cycle, as well as the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and antisocial behavior in male adolescents. The diurnal cortisol cycle and the CAR during the first hour after awakening were compared between 12-to 14-year-old boys who attended a delinquency diversion program (DP), with and without a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) (respectively DP + ; n ¼ 24 and DPÀ; n ¼ 65), and matched normal controls (NC; n ¼ 32). The DP + group, but not the DPÀ group, showed a significantly slower decrease of cortisol during the diurnal cycle than the NC group. Furthermore, the DP + group had significantly lower cortisol levels in the first hour after awakening as compared with the NC group. The results indicate altered HPA activity in delinquent boys with a DBD. Etiological mechanisms, directions for future research, and clinical implications are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

Popma

Doreleijers

Jansen

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The evidence for corticosteroid effects on behavior in other vertebrates is contradictory. In humans, low salivary cortisol has been associated with persistent aggression (McBurnett, Lahey, Rathouz and Loeber, 2000) while in domestic pigs and the blue-footed booby (Sual nebouxii) elevated cortisol and corticosterone have been suggested to facilitate submissive behavior during aggressive interactions (Fernandez, Meuniersalaun and Mormede, 1994;de la Mora, Drummond and Wingfield, 1996) and similarly, administration of corticosterone to the blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana) reportedly reduces aggression (De Nardo and Licht, 1993). However, in contrast to these reports, which indicate a reasonable consistency in the effects of corticosteroids on behavior, no correlation between aggressiveness and plasma corticosterone responsiveness to stressors was reported for rats (Sgoifo, de Boer, Haller and Koolhaas, 1996) and the administration of corticosterone to rats had variable behavioral effects which were dependent on context and experience (Haller, Albert and Makara, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Responsiveness Affects Dominant–Subordinate Relationships in Rainbow Trout

Pottinger¹,

Carrick²

2001

Hormones and Behavior

240

160

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“…Decreased cortisol levels have been associated with antisocial behavior in girls, 22 and early-onset aggression in boys. 21 Taken together, these data suggest that variations in the mu-opioid receptor gene might provide a common link between certain forms of aggression and HPA axis function.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…21,22 An inverse relationship between plasma cortisol levels and offensive aggressive behavior in adolescent male rhesus monkeys 20 is mirrored in humans. Decreased cortisol levels have been associated with antisocial behavior in girls, 22 and early-onset aggression in boys.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A mu-opioid receptor single nucleotide polymorphism in rhesus monkey: association with stress response and aggression

et al. 2003

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Variations in the human mu-opioid receptor gene have driven exploration of their biochemical, physiological and pathological relevance. We investigated the existence of variations in the nonhuman primate mu-opioid receptor gene to determine whether nonhuman primates can model genotype/phenotype associations of relevance to humans. Similar to the A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human mu-opioid receptor gene, a SNP discovered in the rhesus monkey mu-opioid receptor gene (C77G) alters an amino acid in the N-terminal arm of the receptor (arginine for proline at position 26). Two mu-opioid receptor coding regions isolated from a single heterozygous (C77/G77) rhesus monkey brain were expressed in HEK-293 cells and characterized in radioreceptor assays. Paralleling the findings of increased affinity of b-endorphin by the A118G allele in the human, the rhesus monkey mu-opioid receptor protein derived from the G77-containing clone demonstrated a 3.5-fold greater affinity for b-endorphin than the receptor derived from the C77-containing clone. An assay developed to assess the incidence of the C77G SNP in a behaviorally and physiologically characterized cohort of rhesus monkeys (n ¼ 32) indicated that 44% were homozygous for C77-containing alleles, 50% were heterozygous and 6% were homozygous for G77-containing alleles. The presence of G77-containing alleles was associated with significantly lower basal and ACTH-stimulated plasma cortisol levels (Po0.03-0.05 and Po0.02, respectively) and a significantly higher aggressive threat score (Po0.05) in vivo. In a cohort of 20 monkeys, a trend towards an inverse correlation between aggressive threat and plasma cortisol levels was observed. The findings suggest that mu-opioid receptor haplotypes in monkeys can contribute to individual variability in stress response and related aggression. The data support the use of nonhuman primates to investigate mu-opioid receptor genotype/phenotype relations of relevance to humans. Molecular Psychiatry (2004) 9, 99-108. doi:10.1038/ sj.mp.4001378The human mu-opioid receptor gene contains numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 1 which may affect mu-opioid receptor structure and/or function. The A118G SNP in the human mu-opioid receptor gene alters the structure of the N-terminal extracellular arm of the encoded receptor protein, which results in enhanced b-endorphin affinity for the receptor, and has been implicated in modulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation . 2,3 Based on our previous studies demonstrating robust genetic similarities between nonhuman primate and human transporters and receptors, 4-7 we explored whether genetic variations of the mu-opioid receptor gene, analogous to humans, exist in rhesus monkey. Cloning of the rhesus monkey mu-opioid receptor coding region revealed a B98% homology to the human coding region. A C77G SNP was discovered that altered an amino acid in the same region (N-terminal arm) as the A118G SNP in the human muopioid receptor. The G77-containing alleles were ...

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Low Salivary Cortisol and Persistent Aggression in Boys Referred for Disruptive Behavior

Cited by 429 publications

References 27 publications

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle in Delinquent Male Adolescents and Normal Controls

Stress Responsiveness Affects Dominant–Subordinate Relationships in Rainbow Trout

A mu-opioid receptor single nucleotide polymorphism in rhesus monkey: association with stress response and aggression

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