Low Salinity Water Injection: eni's Experience

Rotondi, Marco; Callegaro, Chiara; Masserano, Franco; Bartošek, Martin

doi:10.2118/171794-ms

Cited by 51 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These techniques were intensively studied through experimental work and the effects were evaluated by means of simulation models. The details of EOR study and the positive conclusions obtained were reported by , and Rotondi et al 2014.…”

Section: Field Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Oil Saturation from Single Well Chemical Tracer Tests by Assisted History Matching

Huseby

Zarruk

Callegaro³

et al. 2016

Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2016

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Single-well chemical tracer test (SWCTT) is a unique method that can be used to measure in-situ remaining oil saturation in the proximity of a well. The method has been used extensively to quantify remaining reserves in oil fields worldwide. It is also frequently used to measure the effect of different EOR techniques. Using a SWCTT-EOR-SWCTT sequence, saturation is established by an initial SWCTT, followed by an EOR-technique, and saturation is determined with the final SWCTT. The potential in-situ gain in oil production provided by the EOR can then be assessed by comparing pre-and post-EOR saturations.In ideal cases, a SWCTT provides tracer curves that can be interpreted by means of simplified numerical or analytical models. In many cases, a variation in reservoir properties, pressure differences or reservoir drift complicates the tracer transport enough that a proper reservoir simulation model must be set up and solved to interpret the results of a SWCTT. Such models are usually complex enough that assisted history matching is required to optimize the parameters required to describe the physics of the problem.In this paper we describe how state-of-the-art parameter estimation can be used to optimize a SWCTT simulation and demonstrate the work-flow using SWCTT data from a recent EOR test in West Africa. The work-flow is generic and can easily be adapted to any reservoir and tracer simulation tools that handle the reactive tracer transport required for SWCTT-modelling. We demonstrate that assisted parameter estimation is an effective tool to improve the interpretation of SWCTT results and provides significantly better and accurate remaining oil saturation from single well chemical tracer tests.

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Section: Field Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Oil Saturation from Single Well Chemical Tracer Tests by Assisted History Matching

Huseby

Zarruk

Callegaro³

et al. 2016

Day 3 Wed, March 23, 2016

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“…One of the main appeals of LS flooding is that it is operationally identical to conventional water flooding and does not require expensive or toxic chemicals [7]. Further advantages associated with LSWI are the mitigation of the reservoir scaling and souring risks, improvement of injectivity due to lower suspended solid content, and reduction of corrosion [10].…”

Section: Low Salinity Water Injection To Maximize Oil Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ayirala and Yousef [9] report that threshold salinity lower than 5000 ppm is desired to achieve an incremental oil recovery of 5 to 6% with respect to conventional water flooding. Rotondi et al [10] summarize some basic requirements for LS water flooding that must be associated with the salinity of the injected water. In particular, the injected source water should have a salinity of less As emerging alternative technologies, they mention and discuss forward osmosis, membrane distillation, carrier-gas extraction, and dynamic vapor distillation.…”

Section: Low Salinity Water Injection To Maximize Oil Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene-Based Membrane Technology: Reaching Out to the Oil and Gas Industry

Castro¹,

Cocuzza

Lamberti

et al. 2018

Geofluids

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This paper presents a critical review and the state of the art of graphene porous membranes, a brand-new technology and backdrop to discuss its potential application for efficient water desalination in low salinity water injection (LSWI). LSWI technology consists in injecting designed, adequately modified, filtered water to maximize oil production. To this end, desalination technologies already available can be further optimized, for example, via graphene membranes, to achieve greater efficiency in water-oil displacement. Theoretical and experimental applications of graphene porous membranes in water desalination have shown promising results over the last 5-6 years. Needless to say, improvements are still needed before graphene porous membranes become readily available. However, the present work simply sets out to demonstrate, at least in principle, the practical potential graphene membranes would have in hydrocarbon recovery processes.

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“…Waterflooding performance may be affected by the salinity of the displacing water (Rotondi et al, 2014). In particular, the injection of water with reduced salinity may improve oil recovery, as compared with conventional waterflooding, in which HS brine or seawater are commonly used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Salinity Waterflooding: From Single Well Chemical Tracer Test Interpretation to Sector Model Forecast Scenarios

et al. 2016

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We study Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) through Low Salinity (LS) waterflooding in a brown oil field. LS waterflooding is an emerging EOR technique in which water with reduced salinity is injected into a reservoir to improve oil recovery, as compared with conventional waterflooding, in which High Salinity (HS) brine or seawater are commonly used. The efficiency of this technique can be quantified at the well-scale by a Single Well Chemical Tracer Test (SWCTT), which is an in-situ method for measuring the Remaining Oil Saturation (ROS) after flooding the near-wellbore region with a displacing agent. Two SWCTTs were executed on a sandstone North African field. The tests were realized in sequence with seawater and LS water to evaluate the EOR potential at the well-scale.Here, we propose the interpretation of these two SWCTTs. They were modeled through numerical simulations because of the presence of several non-idealities in the complex scenario considered. A recently-developed tracer simulator was employed to solve the reactive transport problem. This was used as a fast post-processing tool coupled with a conventional reservoir simulator. Model parameters were estimated within an inverse modeling framework, on the basis of an assisted history matching procedure that exploits the Metropolis Hastings Algorithm (MHA). Results were scaled up on a sector model of the field, and forecast scenarios that consider a field-scale implementation of this technique were defined.The well-scale displacement efficiency gain associated with LS water, as compared with seawater, was evaluated. It was quantified as a ROS reduction of 8 saturation unit (s.u.), with a P10 -P90 range of 3-15 s.u. Reservoir-scale simulations suggest that the associated ultimate oil recovery of the EOR pilot may be increased by 2% with LS water, with a P10 -P90 range of 0.7-4.3%.Overall, the LS EOR potential for a selected field was quantified through a robust and original workflow, based on SWCTT interpretation. This state-of-the-art procedure is now available for further applications. The simulated oil recovery improvement with LS water is promising, and leads the way to the implementation of an inter-well field trial. IntroductionWaterflooding performance may be affected by the salinity of the displacing water (Rotondi et al., 2014). In particular, the injection of water with reduced salinity may improve oil recovery, as compared with conventional waterflooding, in which HS brine or seawater are commonly used. This was firstly investigated by Tang and Morrow (1999), who proposed the migration of fines theory to underpin the observed incremental oil recovery. Since then, several mechanisms, different in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs, have been proposed to explain the ensuing EOR effect, with various degrees of acceptance in the industry (McGuire et al., 2005;Pu et al., 2010;Emadi & Sohrabi, 2013). Today, the two most recognized mechanisms are based on (a) the occurrence of multicomponent ion exchange and (b) the effects of pH on the desorption from the...

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Low Salinity Water Injection: eni's Experience

Cited by 51 publications

References 16 publications

Assessing Oil Saturation from Single Well Chemical Tracer Tests by Assisted History Matching

Assessing Oil Saturation from Single Well Chemical Tracer Tests by Assisted History Matching

Graphene-Based Membrane Technology: Reaching Out to the Oil and Gas Industry

Low Salinity Waterflooding: From Single Well Chemical Tracer Test Interpretation to Sector Model Forecast Scenarios

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