Low-profile dual-band pixelated defected ground antenna for multistandard IoT devices

Abstract

A low-profile dual-band pixelated defected ground antenna has been proposed at 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. This work presents a flexible design guide for achieving single-band and dual-band antenna using pixelated defected ground (PDG). The unique pixelated defected ground has been designed using the binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) algorithm. Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio incorporated with Matlab has been utilized in the antenna design process. The PDG configuration provides freedom of exploration to achieve the desired antenna performance. Compact antenna design can be achieved by making the best use of designated design space on the defected ground (DG) plane. Further, a V-shaped transfer function based on BPSO with fast convergence allows us to efficiently implement the PDG technique. In the design procedure, pixelization is applied to a small rectangular region of the ground plane. The square pixels on the designated defected ground area of the antenna have been formed using a binary bit string, consisting of 512 bits taken during each iteration of the algorithm. The PDG method is concerned with the shape of the DG and does not rely on the geometrical dimension analysis used in traditional defected ground antennas. Initially, three single band antennas have been designed at 3.5 GHz, 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz using PDG technique. Finally, same PDG area has been used to design a dual-band antenna at 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The proposed antenna exhibits almost omnidirectional radiation performance with nearly 90% efficiency. It also shows dual radiation pattern property with similar patterns having different polarizations at each operational band. The antenna is fabricated on a ROGERS RO4003 substrate with 1.52 mm thickness. Reflection coefficient and radiation patterns are measured to validate its performance. The simulated and measured results of the antenna are closely correlated. The proposed antenna is suitable for different applications in Internet of Things.

Design a Compact and Miniaturized Unit Cell in Substrate Integrated Plasmonic Waveguides

“…It is also found that the BPSO algorithm converges faster than other algorithms because it is more targeted in each searching direction and avoids getting stuck in local optima [20,22]. The BPSO algorithm has also been successfully used in pixelated structures [23][24][25][26][27]. The BPSO algorithm has a population (called a swarm) of candidate solutions (called particles) which move in the search space of the problem.…”

Performance analysis of pixelated antennas employing shifted cross‐shaped elements

“…However, a detailed analysis shows that the threshold for small antennas is in fact k a ≤ 0.5 [31,32]. With L as the maximum dimension of the antenna and a the radius of the sphere enclosing the antenna, as shown in Figure 7, the following expression can be easily derived: 6 Depicted is (a) an exemplary antenna of the dataset as present in Sonnet, (b) a delta-gap port used in Sonnet for differential feeding, as well as (c) a produced antenna of our dataset with an antenna size of k a = 0.51 and a cross size of S cross /λ = 0.64%.…”

“…Pixelated antennas have become an interesting research topic in the last decade, as exemplified by a variety of different publications focusing on different application scenarios and design-and optimisation techniques [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In principle, they simply consist of individual conducting elements (pixels), that can be interconnected to create an antenna.…”

“…More recent work also focused on the performance increase of typical antennas like a crossed dipole with the help of fragment-type structures [17]. Ullah et al designed a patch antenna and altered it with binary particle swarm optimisation of a pixelated defected ground plane [6]. Vasylenko compared different algorithms, such as particle swarm optimisation, genetic algorithm, firefly algorithm, and simulated annealing for the optimisation of different antennas [18].…”

Design of SWB MIMO Antenna with Extremely Wideband Isolation

“…Different attempts have been made by the antenna research community to improve isolation. The defected ground structure (DGS) is a common technique for reducing mutual coupling [13][14][15]. Nevertheless, antenna radiation performance is impacted when the DGS is used as a decoupling element.…”