Low-power wide-area networks

Ismail, Dali; Rahman, M.; Saifullah, Abusayeed

doi:10.1145/3170521.3170529

Cited by 64 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…They noted that the network performance of LPWANs could be affected by interference from other networks, in addition to the logical and geographical layout of LPWAN networks. Similarly, authors in [13] reviewed the opportunities, challenges and future directions in LPWANs. Notably, they mentioned challenges related to the development of LPWAN technologies, including spectrum limitation, coexistence issues, mobility management and scalability.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration

Onumanyi

Abu‐Mahfouz

Hancke

2020

Sensors

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that enables many beneficial and prospective application areas, such as smart metering, smart homes, smart industries, and smart city architectures, to name but a few. These application areas typically comprise end nodes and gateways that are often interconnected by low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies, which provide low power consumption rates to elongate the battery lifetimes of end nodes, low IoT device development/purchasing costs, long transmission range, and increased scalability, albeit at low data rates. However, most LPWAN technologies are often confronted with a number of physical (PHY) layer challenges, including increased interference, spectral inefficiency, and/or low data rates for which cognitive radio (CR), being a predominantly PHY layer solution, suffices as a potential solution. Consequently, in this article, we survey the potentials of integrating CR in LPWAN for IoT-based applications. First, we present and discuss a detailed list of different state-of-the-art LPWAN technologies; we summarize the most recent LPWAN standardization bodies, alliances, and consortia while emphasizing their disposition towards the integration of CR in LPWAN. We then highlight the concept of CR in LPWAN via a PHY-layer front-end model and discuss the benefits of CR-LPWAN for IoT applications. A number of research challenges and future directions are also presented. This article aims to provide a unique and holistic overview of CR in LPWAN with the intention of emphasizing its potential benefits.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration

Onumanyi

Abu‐Mahfouz

Hancke

2020

Sensors

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“…For example, [13] shows that the throughput of 802.11ah networks using high data rate, polling sequences, and packet sizes (e.g., healthcare use cases) is severely impacted by duty cycle restrictions. In the same way, duty cycle restrictions pose a difficult obstacle for real-time communication and further research is needed [6]. Pham [14], proposing a solution for quality of service (QoS) under duty cycle restrictions, and [15], introducing duty cycle aware real-time scheduling, both include mitigating actions and experimental data.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the amount of SRDs rises and regulatory bands become more contested, the effects of regulatory limits will become Documentation is scattered among multiple sources and their jurisdiction is often unclear. For example, a generalized duty cycle of 1 or 10% is often mentioned (e.g., [6,7]), while the actual regulations are more diverse and include other parameters such as maximum transmission power and the usage of polite spectrum access techniques. At the time of writing, there is no survey known to the author which gives an easily accessible overview of these regulations, their legal value, and where additional information about them can be found.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of EU duty cycle and transmission power limitations for sub-GHz LPWAN SRDs: an overview and future challenges

Saelens

Hoebeke

Shahid

et al. 2019

J Wireless Com Network

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Long-range sub-GHz technologies such as LoRaWAN, SigFox, IEEE 802.15.4, and DASH7 are increasingly popular for academic research and daily life applications. However, especially in the European Union (EU), the use of their corresponding frequency bands are tightly regulated, since they must confirm to the short-range device (SRD) regulations. Regulations and standards for SRDs exist on various levels, from global to national, but are often a source of confusion. Not only are multiple institutes responsible for drafting legislation and regulations, depending on the type of document can these rules be informational or mandatory. Regulations also vary from region to region; for example, regulations in the United States of America (USA) rely on electrical field strength and harmonic strength, while EU regulations are based on duty cycle and maximum transmission power. A common misconception is the presence of a common 1% duty cycle, while in fact the duty cycle is frequency band-specific and can be loosened under certain circumstances. This paper clarifies the various regulations for the European region, the parties involved in drafting and enforcing regulation, and the impact on recent technologies such as SigFox, LoRaWAN, and DASH7. Furthermore, an overview is given of potential mitigation approaches to cope with the duty cycle constraints, as well as future research directions. more and more relevant. For example, LoRa duty cycle limitations already impacts, among others, the throughput of the downlink communication, the (un)availability of acknowledgements, the feasibility of over the air firmware upgrades, geolocation inaccuracies, and scalability [1][2][3][4]. Several models predict that the probability of duty cycle violations during downlink communication will further increase, up to 20% for SigFox and 15% for LoRaWAN [5]. Similar impacts are expected for other technologies operating in sub-GHz radio frequency bands.However, despite the large impact of these regulations, many researchers are unaware of the exact limits and are not aware of mitigation techniques they can apply. Various institutes have each implemented regulations on the availability of radio spectrum for SRDs and their usage restrictions. This fragmentation causes confusion and misconceptions for researchers and manufacturers alike.

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“…In these cases, there are several options at the link layer protocol. For instance, for 802.11, it is possible to use LoRa [29], Sigfox [30], and the one devised for vehicular networks like 802.11p [31]. Other times, the devices may be connected to the Internet using a 4G network.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sensors deployed in the field are equipped with LoRA transceivers [29,30]. These sensors publish their measured variables to a LoRa server that implements an MQTT broker.…”

Section: Application Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role-Based Software Architecture to Support Mobile Service Computing in IoT Scenarios

Finochietto

Eggly

Santos

et al. 2019

Sensors

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The interaction among components of an IoT-based system usually requires using low latency or real time for message delivery, depending on the application needs and the quality of the communication links among the components. Moreover, in some cases, this interaction should consider the use of communication links with poor or uncertain Quality of Service (QoS). Research efforts in communication support for IoT scenarios have overlooked the challenge of providing real-time interaction support in unstable links, making these systems use dedicated networks that are expensive and usually limited in terms of physical coverage and robustness. This paper presents an alternative to address such a communication challenge, through the use of a model that allows soft real-time interaction among components of an IoT-based system. The behavior of the proposed model was validated using state machine theory, opening an opportunity to explore a whole new branch of smart distributed solutions and to extend the state-of-the-art and the-state-of-the-practice in this particular IoT study scenario.

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Low-power wide-area networks

Cited by 64 publications

References 22 publications

Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration

Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration

Impact of EU duty cycle and transmission power limitations for sub-GHz LPWAN SRDs: an overview and future challenges

A Role-Based Software Architecture to Support Mobile Service Computing in IoT Scenarios

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