“…As the digital signal processing and wireless communications are the main sources of energy consumption in sensor devices, any progress in both the hardware and the processing algorithms will have a positive impact on increasing energy efficiency [140,353]. An alternative may be the use of comparators and timers instead of ADC to reduce the energy consumption associated with processing [354].…”
Section: Future Challenges Of Bioimpedancementioning
This work develops a thorough review of bioimpedance systems for healthcare applications. The basis and fundamentals of bioimpedance measurements are described covering issues ranging from the hardware diagrams to the configurations and designs of the electrodes and from the mathematical models that describe the frequency behavior of the bioimpedance to the sources of noise and artifacts. Bioimpedance applications such as body composition assessment, impedance cardiography (ICG), transthoracic impedance pneumography, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and skin conductance are described and analyzed. A breakdown of recent advances and future challenges of bioimpedance is also performed, addressing topics such as transducers for biosensors and Lab-on-Chip technology, measurements in implantable systems, characterization of new parameters and substances, and novel bioimpedance applications.
“…As the digital signal processing and wireless communications are the main sources of energy consumption in sensor devices, any progress in both the hardware and the processing algorithms will have a positive impact on increasing energy efficiency [140,353]. An alternative may be the use of comparators and timers instead of ADC to reduce the energy consumption associated with processing [354].…”
Section: Future Challenges Of Bioimpedancementioning
This work develops a thorough review of bioimpedance systems for healthcare applications. The basis and fundamentals of bioimpedance measurements are described covering issues ranging from the hardware diagrams to the configurations and designs of the electrodes and from the mathematical models that describe the frequency behavior of the bioimpedance to the sources of noise and artifacts. Bioimpedance applications such as body composition assessment, impedance cardiography (ICG), transthoracic impedance pneumography, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and skin conductance are described and analyzed. A breakdown of recent advances and future challenges of bioimpedance is also performed, addressing topics such as transducers for biosensors and Lab-on-Chip technology, measurements in implantable systems, characterization of new parameters and substances, and novel bioimpedance applications.
“…Impedance measurement systems have been developed for a variety of applications, including material characterization with inductive sensors [ 2 ], chemical parameters investigation [ 3 ], and characterization of biological tissues [ 4 , 5 ]. Impedance spectroscopy can be applied to monitor human activity [ 6 ], diagnose muscles [ 7 ], detect and characterize cancer [ 8 ], and monitor human health on a daily basis [ 9 ]. In this case, it is called bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) [ 5 ], which is the main focus of this paper.…”
Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is an advanced measurement method for providing information on impedance changes at several frequencies by injecting a low current into a device under test and analyzing the response voltage. Several methods have been elaborated for BIS measurement, calculating impedance with a gain phase detector (GPD), IQ demodulation, and fast Fourier transform (FFT). Although the measurement method has a big influence on the measurement system performance, a systematical comparative study has not been performed yet. In this paper, we compare them based on simulations and experimental studies. To maintain similar conditions in the implementation of all methods, we use the same signal generator followed by a voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) as a signal generator. For performance analysis, three DUTs have been designed to imitate the typical behavior of biological tissues. A laboratory impedance analyzer is used as a reference. The comparison addresses magnitude measurement accuracy, phase measurement accuracy, signal processing, hardware complexity, and power consumption. The result shows that the FFT-based system excels with high accuracy for amplitude and phase measurement while providing the lowest hardware complexity, and power consumption, but it needs a much higher software complexity.
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