“…Modern CPUs are equipped with tracing modules such as Intel processor trace (PT) [19] and ARM embedded trace macrocell (ETM) [18], providing ultra efficiency for control-flow profiling of end-to-end program executions. With these hardware traces, it is possible to reconstruct a program's complete execution flow, enabling a wide spectrum of client applications in testing [5,28,47,[61][62][63], debugging [27,30,64,65], performance analysis [50,51], etc. For example, with a program's control flow, various execution statistics, such as function and statement coverage, path profiles, call tree profiles, etc.…”