Low noise, vibration and harshness solutions for in-line three-cylinder range extender and hybrid electric vehicles

Hooper, P. R.

doi:10.1177/1468087419859084

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The size of a RE reduces costs and vehicle weight. 10 The RE starts only when the battery is below a certain level of state of charge (SOC). An optimized operation of the engine is pursued in this window, which also favors the adoption of new modes of combustion or other technologies and strategies aiming at an enhanced fuel consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically heated catalyst enabling pollutants reduction in hybrid vehicles fueled with ethanol

Falcão Weissinger,

Henrique Rufino,

Mendoza

et al. 2023

International Journal of Engine Research

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) have the potential of combining the benefits of a renewable electric mix with biofuels. More recently, PHEV have been designed to be equipped with a small combustion engine known as range extender (RE), thus allowing an improvement in vehicle’s range while converting fuel energy through a highly efficient path. Despite being a convenient strategy for decarbonizing light vehicles, the intermittent operation of the engine may create issues regarding the catalytic conversion of pollutants, yielding an increase in local harmful emissions. This drawback may be intensified depending on the used fuel. Hydrous ethanol is a promising alternative for gasoline and is already available in some countries, such as Brazil. However, ethanol has a great enthalpy of vaporization and it results in a charge cooling, affecting the catalyst warm-up and making the intermittent operation with ethanol more challenging. Hence, this study was motivated by the need of improving the catalytic efficiency of flexfuel RE operating with both gasoline and hydrous ethanol. Thus, a calibration was firstly performed to shorten the warm-up phase with ethanol. Then, an electrical heater was employed for accelerated catalyst heating, further improving emissions from ethanol operation, aiming at attaining future emissions regulations. Experimental tests were conducted in a vehicle under FTP72 cycle using a chassis dynamometer. The calibration adjustments resulted in a warm-up phase for ethanol <10 s longer than that for gasoline. The stable operation phase resulted in similar emissions for both fuels. On the cycle average, a reduction in CO for ethanol was observed, and although the methane and NOx emissions were slightly increased due to colder catalyst operation, significant improvements were obtained on a well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis. The use of an electrically heated catalyst (EHC) improved the emissions during the warm-up phase, significantly reducing the emission of NOx and non-methane organic compounds.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically heated catalyst enabling pollutants reduction in hybrid vehicles fueled with ethanol

Falcão Weissinger,

Henrique Rufino,

Mendoza

et al. 2023

International Journal of Engine Research

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“…Four-stroke compression ignition diesel engines have seen some successful introduction into larger aircraft as indicated by the research of Goraj and Frydrychewicz (2004). Four-stroke engines, with the same number of cylinders, exhibit significantly inferior vibration characteristics than two-stroke engines as discussed by Hooper (2019). Some studies have considered unconventional technologies to successfully address the challenge as demonstrated by the research of Kalkstein (2006) using opposed piston engine technology and that of Hooper et al (2012) building upon the prior research work of Hooper and Favill (1978) with segregated scavenging for higher durability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the effects of trapped compression ratio on the heavy fuel operation of a spark ignition unmanned aerial vehicle engine

Hooper

2022

AEAT

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Purpose This paper aims to present experimental experience of heavy fuelling of a spark ignition crankcase scavenged two-stroke cycle unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engine, particularly focusing on the effects of compression ratio variation, and to cross-correlate with the results of fluid dynamic modelling of the engine and fuels used. Design/methodology/approach One-dimensional modelling of the engine has been conducted using WAVE software supported by experimental dynamometer testing of a spark ignition UAV engine to construct a validated computational model using gasoline and kerosene JET A-1 fuels. Findings The investigation into the effects of compression ratio variation via fluid dynamic simulation and experimental testing has allowed an assessment of the approach for improving heavy fuel operation of UAV engines using auxiliary transfer port fuel injection. The power level achieved with reduced compression ratio heavy fuel operation is equal to 15.35 kW at 6,500 revolutions per minute compared to 16.27 kW from the standard gasoline engine or a reduction of 5.7%. Practical implications The studied engine is specifically designed for UAV applications. The validation of the computational models to explore the effects of compression ratio and heavy fuel injection on the solution and cost is supported by experimental tests. Originality/value The application of auxiliary port fuel injection of heavy fuel and associated compression ratio optimisation offers an alternative approach to achieve the safety and logistical challenges of the single fuel policy for UAVs. The application of WAVE to simulate crankcase scavenged two-stroke cycle engines has been applied in very few cases. This study shows further exploratory work in that context.

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“…Different outlooks suggest that the passenger cars energy vectors will change significantly in the next years. 1 While internal combustion engines will be still dominant 2 and be improved regarding its fuel injection 3–5 and combustion system design, 6,7 alternative concepts as plug-in hybrids electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) 8 will increase their market share consistently 9 due to their benefits in fuel consumption improvements 10,11 and emission reductions. 12 This modification is a consequence of the different mandates, that require an effective reduction on the total tank-to-wheel CO 2 emissions, 13 which cannot be accomplished by the conventional ICE propelled vehicles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical analysis of kinetic mechanisms for battery thermal runaway prediction in lithium-ion batteries

García

Monsalve‐Serrano

Sari

et al. 2021

International Journal of Engine Research

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The urgent need for reducing the carbon dioxide emissions has led to the powertrain electrification at different levels such as hybridization or pure electric vehicles. Despite the benefits in terms of local pollution reduction and lower carbon dioxide footprint that may be achieved with this technology, new hazards have been introduced. Among them, the combustion of the battery pack due to abuse conditions, also known as thermal runaway, is one of the biggest concerns. It can lead to the vehicle combustion under unnoticed failure conditions, threating the driver security. In this sense, different investigations have been carried out with the aim of providing a proper description of the reactions that lead to this phenomenon. Reaction mechanisms have been proposed in the literature for lithium-ion battery considering the most common battery chemistries. Nonetheless, their application leads to different results, which may hinder their utilization in modeling critical operating conditions for thermal runaway. This investigation proposes a detailed assessment of the most common reaction mechanisms, comparing their capability on reproducing the different reaction paths that lead to thermal runaway conditions to explore and depict state of the art of thermal runaway modeling. Additionally, a detailed analysis is performed to define the differences in terms of decomposition and formation reactions for each one of them. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the mechanism proposed by Kriston provides the best results trade-off considering different investigations in differential scanning calorimeter and accelerated rate calorimeter. In addition, it was found that some mechanisms have been adjusted to perform similar to the experimental results, even in the case of not having a physical meaning.

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Low noise, vibration and harshness solutions for in-line three-cylinder range extender and hybrid electric vehicles

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Electrically heated catalyst enabling pollutants reduction in hybrid vehicles fueled with ethanol

Electrically heated catalyst enabling pollutants reduction in hybrid vehicles fueled with ethanol

Study of the effects of trapped compression ratio on the heavy fuel operation of a spark ignition unmanned aerial vehicle engine

Numerical analysis of kinetic mechanisms for battery thermal runaway prediction in lithium-ion batteries

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