Low Nitrogen Application Enhances Starch-Metabolizing Enzyme Activity and Improves Accumulation and Translocation of Non-structural Carbohydrates in Rice Stems

Li, Guohui; Hu, Qiongyao; Shi, Yange; Cui, Kehui; Nie, Lei; Huang, Jikun; Peng, Shaobing

doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01128

Cited by 65 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…This result was essentially in agreement with the previous report published by Li et al. (), who concluded that low N application enhanced the activity of starch‐metabolizing enzymes and translocation of NSCs in rice stems. In wheat and barley ( Hordeum vulgar e L.), Pheloung and Siddique () found that water stress increased the remobilization of NSC in stem tissues concomitantly with leaf senescence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Previous studies showed that SPS, FBPase, and Susy contributed greatly to the translocation of sucrose from stems to filling grains (Li et al., ; Wang et al., ). However, inconsistent results were reported for the correlation between the activities of sucrose‐metabolizing enzymes and NSC accumulation in stem and sheath tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Sucrose synthase (Susy, EC 2.4.1.13) catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and UDP into UDP‐glucose and fructose (Nakamura, Yuki, Park, & Ohya, ). Besides SPS and Susy, Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBPase, EC 3.1.3.11) also participates in the sucrose biosynthesis and its feedback control in plant tissues, which is also widely thought to be strongly responsible for the regulation of sucrose concentration in leaf sheaths (Li et al., ; Li et al., ). According to Qazia, Paranjpe, and Bhargava (), sweet sorghum ( Sorghum dochna L.) differed from common grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) in the partitioning between structural and storage carbohydrates in stems, with relatively high activities of SPS and Susy in sweet sorghum compared to grain sorghum (Bihmidine, Baker, Hoffner, & Braun, ; Qazia et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Senescence‐related translocation of nonstructural carbohydrate in rice leaf sheaths under different nitrogen supply

et al. 2020

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The translocation of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) from leaf sheaths to filling grains after anthesis contributed greatly to the grain yield of cereal crops. In this study, the effect of nitrogen (N) supply levels on the accumulation and translocation of NSC in leaf sheath tissues and its relationship with the initiation and progression of leaf senescence during grain filling was investigated using two rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes, namely, premature flag leaf senescence mutant (psf) and its wild‐type. Three N treatment levels were used to examine N‐supply induced alteration in the activities of several key enzymes involved in NSC translocation and N assimilation in different leaf sheaths. The results show that the NSC translocation rate in leaf sheaths under low nitrogen (LN) treatment was significantly higher than those under normal nitrogen (NN) and high nitrogen (HN) treatments. However, the positive effect of LN on the NSC translocation in leaf sheath was closely associated with its negative effect on grain yield, due to accelerated leaf senescence and shortened leaf longevity. Comparatively, the upper‐positional sheath had a lower NSC amount and higher NSC translocation rate than the lower‐leaf sheaths after heading. High N suppressed sucrose‐phosphate synthase (SPS) activity in leaf sheaths, but enhanced the activity of key enzymes involving in N assimilation in leaf sheaths. The upper sheath had higher activity of sucrose‐metabolizing enzymes and lower activity of N‐assimilating enzymes. Hence, the upper‐leaf sheath had a relatively weak N assimilation and stronger NSC translocation than the lower‐leaf sheaths.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Senescence‐related translocation of nonstructural carbohydrate in rice leaf sheaths under different nitrogen supply

et al. 2020

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“…Although protein and starch are the two primary components in flour, the ratio of protein to starch is not a strong indication of starch functionality (that is, paste viscosity). Nitrogen fertilization might increase the synthesis of enzymes (that is, starch branching enzyme, starch synthase), which are essential for starch disposition and development (Dong, Sang, Peng, Wang, & Yang, ; Dupont & Altenbach, ; Li et al., ; Rahman et al., ). Nitrogen fertilization also increases both starch content and the proportion of amylopectin in weight (Fu et al., ), leading to an increase in wholemeal flour paste viscosity (Zheng et al., ).…”

Section: The Substrate Of α‐Amylase: Starchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Starch and the Interactions Between Starch and Other Macromolecules on Wheat Falling Number

Lin

Chen

et al. 2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Wheat with a low falling number (FN) has been particularly prevalent in recent years and has resulted in a loss of more than $140 million in a single year in the wheat industry in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. FN measurement is a standard method for the evaluation of grain α‐amylase activity, and a low FN indicates a reduction in hot wholemeal paste viscosity due to sprouting damage. Recent studies show that a low FN may result from a developmental change of starch and adverse effects of non‐α‐amylase macromolecules on wheat. In this review, we describe the principles of FN measurement and the relationship between FN and α‐amylase. We also discuss the isozymes, locations, and inhibitors of wheat α‐amylase. The effects of various aspects of starch, which is the substrate of α‐amylase, on wheat FN are also discussed, including starch structural characteristics (for example, starch granule architecture), starch susceptibility to α‐amylase, and the interaction between starch and nonstarch macromolecules (for example, lipids). Studies on the effects of planting environments (for example, temperature) and agronomic practices (for example, irrigation and fertilization) on both starch paste viscosity and FN are also reviewed. This paper highlights the importance of considering the impacts of starch and the interactions of starch and other macromolecules, including wheat α‐amylase, on wheat FN, which is important for developing strategies to solve the low FN problem.

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“…Transportation of assimilates from the source to the sink is in uenced by the function and structure of the vascular bundles, including the size, number, development and capacity ow of the bundles [12]. Environmental factors that reduce photosynthetic capacity and thereby affect the accumulation and transportation of culm NSCs such as heat stress, water de cit, low radiation level and nutrient de ciency enhances the transportation of culm NSCs [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Proteins Involved in Grain-Filling Rate of Rice at the Early Ripening Stage

Chen

Cao

Huang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Grain-filling ability is a determinant factor of rice potential yield. Grain filling is a biological process of starch accumulation involved a large number of major enzymes implicated in carbohydrates metabolism in developing rice endosperm and is governed by a complex balance between the sink (grains) and the source (assimilates). This study was carried out to analyze the proteomic profile of rice grains and to identify proteins associated with high grain-filling rate during the early ripening period in rice. Results TMT and LC-MS/MS were employed in analyzing proteomic profile of grains from two rice cultivars possess contrasting phenotypes in grain filling rate to identify proteins associated with high grain-filling rate during the early ripening stage. The two cultivars differed significantly in grain-filling rate during the period of 0–3 days after full heading, indicating the appropriacy of cultivars selection for quantitative proteomic analysis. A total of 219 differentially expressed proteins in grains between the two cultivars were identified, providing a database for quantified proteomics in rice grains during grain filling stage. Elevated expression of many enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism during rice grain filling was observed. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the largest portion of differentially expressed proteins during grain filling associated with carbohydrate metabolism and transportation, suggesting a more specific function of those protein in rice grain development. Starch, sucrose, fatty acids and amino acids biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly enriched pathways. Conclusions Analysis of protein-protein interactions indicated the implication of the same proteins in several biological processes such as carbohydrate transport and metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, energy production and conversion and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. The data provide valuable information about the roles of biosynthesis, transport and metabolism of carbohydrate and amino acids in rice grain filling and development. The results represent a valuable foundation for further studies of the roles of differentially expressed proteins in underlying grain filling stage in rice and their potential impacts on rice productivity.

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Low Nitrogen Application Enhances Starch-Metabolizing Enzyme Activity and Improves Accumulation and Translocation of Non-structural Carbohydrates in Rice Stems

Cited by 65 publications

References 60 publications

Senescence‐related translocation of nonstructural carbohydrate in rice leaf sheaths under different nitrogen supply

Senescence‐related translocation of nonstructural carbohydrate in rice leaf sheaths under different nitrogen supply

Impacts of Starch and the Interactions Between Starch and Other Macromolecules on Wheat Falling Number

Comparative Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Proteins Involved in Grain-Filling Rate of Rice at the Early Ripening Stage

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