Low Maternal Vitamin D and Calcium Food Intake during Pregnancy Associated with Place of Residence: A Cross-Sectional Study in West Sumatran Women, Indonesia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy worldwide, and variable availability of vitamin D-rich foods may affect the adequacy of vitamin D food intake in different regions.
 AIM: We analysed the relationship between place of residence and maternal food intake of vitamin D and calcium in West Sumatra, Indonesia.
 METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 203 pregnant women. Data collection was carried out in four districts in West Sumatra – two in coastal locations and two in mountainous locations – with subjects divided into groups based on their place of residence. The dietary intakes of pregnant women were assessed through a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ).
 RESULTS: The means of maternal vitamin D and calcium food intake were 7.92 ± 5.26 µg/day and 784.88 ± 409.77 mg/day, respectively. There were no reports of vitamin D supplement intake during pregnancy. A total of 86.7% and 89.7% of the study subjects had low vitamin D and calcium food intake status, respectively. There was a significant association between maternal vitamin D intake and place of residence (p = 0.02) and significant different mean levels of vitamin D food intake with the place of residence (9.04 vs 6.55 µg/day; p = 0.01). Mothers who had higher education levels had adequate calcium food intake (p = 0.015; OR: 0.295; 0.116–0.751).
 CONCLUSION: Low maternal vitamin D and calcium food intake were found to be common in West Sumatra, Indonesia and their differed between those residents in mountainous and in coastal areas.

Micronutrient Content and Total Lactic Acid Bacteria of Dadiah Pudding as Food Supplementation for Pregnant Women

“…The inadequacy of dietary intake of these micronutrients as compared to the Indonesian Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) is indicated in Table 1. The daily mean and percentage of RDAs consumed for calcium intake in this study were lower than those in a previous study on 203 Minangkabau pregnant women above 28 weeks of pregnancy in two coastal districts (Pariaman and Pasaman Barat) and two mountainous areas (Solok and Tanah Datar) [7]. However, these results were higher than those of previous research by Bardosono [8] on maternal micronutrient deficiency during the first trimester among 143 pregnant women living in Jakarta.…”

“…Iron and calcium deficiency in pregnant women also increased the risk of preterm birth, which led to early neonatal and infant mortality [2], [6]. Many women go through their entire pregnancy without reaching the minimum required intake of these micronutrients [7], [8], [9]. Undernutrition of a child in the first 2 years also correlated with the immaturity of gut microbiota [10], [11].…”

Maternal and Neonatal Factors Affecting Bone Mineral Content of Indonesian Term Newborns

“…Maternal hypocalcemia may stimulate intrauterine parathyroid hyperplasia causing poor mineralization of the fetal skeleton (27). Previous research conducted in two different places in Indonesia, that is, Java and Sumatra, shows that the calcium intake of pregnant women in both areas was below the recommended daily allowance (28,29).…”

Association of Prepregnancy Nutritional Status and Physical Activity Levels with Birth Size Outcomes among West Sumatran Pregnant Women: Results from the Vitamin D Pregnant Mothers Cohort Study in Indonesia

“…The VDPM cohort study conducted at public health centers in five different cities (Padang, Padang Pariaman, Pariaman, Lima Puluh Kota, and Payakumbuh) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The part of the cohort study has been published elsewhere, recently [3], [8], [9]. A total of 183 singleton pregnant women were recruited and had been followed up till birth.…”