Low-loss surface-plasmonic nanobeam cavities

Kim, Myung Ki; Lee, Jun Young; Choi, Muhan; Ahn, Byong-Hun; Park, Namkyoo; Lee, Yong Hee; Min, Bumki

doi:10.1364/oe.18.011089

Cited by 43 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The field distribution along the z direction in Figure 2(c) indicates the distinct hybrid plasmon-photonic origin [29] of these cavity modes. In contrast to the plasmonic-photonic crystal nanobeam cavities [25] (Figure 2(e) and (f)), the hybrid SP3C nanobeam cavities (Figure 2(b) and (c)) show stronger field confinement in their narrow silica regions. Their maximum electric fields move to the boundary between the silica and the silicon, instead of the original location at the interface between the silver and the silicon.…”

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confidence: 91%

“…A high Q (theoretically ~1800) plasmon whispering-gallery microcavity at room temperature was realized [24], but the modal volume of this cavity was very large (30-50 μm 3 ) compared with that of a conventional dielectric photonic crystal cavity. Recently, surface-plasmonic nanobeam cavities formed by bonding nanobeam photonic crystal cavities to a silver substrate were proposed [25]. These cavities are ultracompact and are expected to obtain sub-wavelength confinement and thus smaller V values, whereas the reported total Q is still at a value of several hundred (<400).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This hybrid SP3C nanobeam microcavity can be formed by oxidizing the lower surface of a conventional silicon photonic crystal nanobeam cavity and then bonding it to a silver substrate ( Figure 1). Compared with a previously proposed nanobeam cavity [25], our hybrid SP3C includes an additional low-index silica layer between the silicon nanobeam and the silver substrate. The three-dimensional finite difference time domain method (3D FDTD) is used to investigate the characteristics of the proposed cavity.…”

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An improved surface-plasmonic nanobeam cavity for higher Q and smaller V

et al. 2012

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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We demonstrate a high-Q hybrid surface-plasmon-polariton-photonic crystal (SP3C) nanobeam cavity. The proposed cavities are analyzed numerically using the three-dimensional finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method. The results show that a Q-factor of 2076 and a modal volume V of 0.16(/2n) 3 can be achieved in a 50 nm silica-gap hybrid SP3C nanobeam cavity when it operates at telecommunications wavelengths and at room temperature. V can be further reduced to 0.02(/2n) 3 when the silica thickness decreases to 10 nm, which leads to a Q/V ratio that is 11 times that of the corresponding plasmonic-photonic nanobeam cavity (without silica). The ultrahigh Q/V ratio originates from the low-loss nature and deep sub-wavelength confinement of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide, as well as the mode gap effect used to reduce the radiation loss. The proposed structure is fully compatible with semiconductor fabrication techniques and could lead to a wide range of applications. Considerable efforts are currently focused on exploring ways to increase the quality factor Q and decrease the modal volume V of optical microcavities, because of their significant roles in many fundamental physics studies, including light-matter interactions and device physics [1]. A higher Q value indicates a very long photon lifetime, while a small V means that the cavity can localize the photon in a small spatial volume. Over the last decade, various types of optical microcavities were proposed and investigated, including whispering-gallery microcavities, Fabry-Perot microcavities, and photonic crystal microcavities [2]. Among these cavities, the nanobeam photonic crystal microcavity [3-11] provides not only a very high Q value, but also an ultrasmall V and an ultracompact footprint. Nanobeam photonic crystal microcavities with Q values even higher than 10 9 were demonstrated [12]. Although Q values have been raised considerably by sophisticated designs, the smallest achievable V in a conventional dielectric cavity is bound to the diffraction limit, i.e. it is of the order of several times (/2n) 3 [13]. However, in some cases, an ultrasmall V is more important than a higher Q. For example, when the cavity's resonance linewidth is smaller than the emission linewidth of the emitter, decreasing the effective modal volume is the only way to increase the spontaneous emission rate [14].New microcavity schemes were designed to further decrease V. For example, microcavities based on slot waveguides were proposed [14][15][16][17][18]. Microcavities using surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) were also studied extensively [19,20]. SPPs are electron density waves excited at and propagating along metal-dielectric interfaces [21,22]. Because of their sub-wavelength confinement of optical fields, they are promising candidates for realization of ultrasmall-V nanocavities. However, the reported Q values of SPP cavities thus far are very small and high Q values were only predicted at cryogenic temperatures [23]. The intrinsic high loss caused by metallic absorption ...

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An improved surface-plasmonic nanobeam cavity for higher Q and smaller V

et al. 2012

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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“…However, because of the optical diffraction limit, further reducing the size of conventional III-V components does not generate the expected advantages [12]. To overcome this limitation, researchers have recently explored metallic III-V nanoscale optical cavities and achieved physical and modal sizes on the subwavelength scale, which is sufficiently small to open up new possibilities for implementing higher-performing Si/III-V hybrid optical systems [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. However, with this approach, one significant problem in practical integration and use arises: Because of the extremely small output aperture of such a cavity, the radiation from the cavity diverges very rapidly, which makes optical coupling between the III-V cavity and integrated Si-waveguides very inefficient [25,26].…”

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confidence: 99%

Engineering of metal-clad optical nanocavity to optimize coupling with integrated waveguides

Kim¹,

Li²,

Huang³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We propose a cladding engineering method that flexibly modifies the radiation patterns and rates of metal-clad nanoscale optical cavity. Optimally adjusting the cladding symmetry of the metal-clad nanoscale optical cavity modifies the modal symmetry and produces highly directional radiation that leads to 90% coupling efficiency into an integrated waveguide. In addition, the radiation rate of the cavity mode can be matched to its absorption rate by adjusting the thickness of the bottomcladding layer. This approach optimizes the energy-flow rate from the waveguide and maximizes the energy confined inside the nanoscale optical cavity.

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“…As the metal comes closer to the cavity, however, ohmic losses also increase. In Chapter 3, I will discuss the tradeoffs between radiation and metal losses in engineering these nanocavities with small V phys [51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal-optic and Plasmonic Semiconductor-based Nanolasers

Lakhani¹

2012

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Over the past few decades, semiconductor lasers have relentlessly followed the path towards miniaturization. Smaller lasers are more energy efficient, are cheaper to make, and open up new applications in sensing and displays, among many other things. Yet, up until recently, there was a fundamental problem with making lasers smaller: purely semiconductor lasers couldn't be made smaller than the diffraction limit of light.In recent years, however, metal-based lasers have been demonstrated in the nanoscale that have shattered the diffraction limit. As optical materials, metals can be used to either reflect light (metal-optics) or convert light to electrical currents (plasmonics). In both cases, metals have provided ways to squeeze light beyond the diffraction limit. In this dissertation, I experimentally demonstrated one nanolaser based on plasmonic transduction and another laser based on metal-optic reflection.To create coherent plasmons, I designed a nanolaser based on a plasmonic bandgap defect state inside a surface plasmonic crystal. In a one-dimensional periodic semiconductor beam, I was able to confine surface plasmons by interrupting the periodicity of the crystal. These confined surface plasmons then underwent laser oscillations in effective mode volumes as small as 0.007 cubic wavelengths. At this electromagnetic volume, energy was squeezed 10 times smaller than those possible in similar photonic crystals that do not utilize metal. This demonstration should pave the way for achieving engineered nanolasers with deepsubwavelength mode volumes and enable plasmonic crystals to become attractive platforms for designing plasmons.After achieving large reductions in electromagnetic mode volumes, I switched to a metaloptics-based nanolaser design to further reduce the physical volumes of small light sources. The semiconductor nanopatch laser achieved laser oscillations with subwavelength-scale physical dimensions (0.019 cubic wavelengths) and effective mode volumes (0.0017 cubic wavelengths). The ultra-small laser volume is achieved with the presence of nanoscale metal patches which suppress electromagnetic radiation into free-space and convert a leaky cavity into a highly-confined subwavelength optical resonator. The nanopatch laser, with its world-1 record-breaking small physical volume, has exciting implications for data storage, biological sensing, on-chip optical communication, and beyond.2

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Low-loss surface-plasmonic nanobeam cavities

Cited by 43 publications

References 27 publications

An improved surface-plasmonic nanobeam cavity for higher Q and smaller V

An improved surface-plasmonic nanobeam cavity for higher Q and smaller V

Engineering of metal-clad optical nanocavity to optimize coupling with integrated waveguides

Metal-optic and Plasmonic Semiconductor-based Nanolasers

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