“…In the THz region, RFSSs have recently found applications using various tuning approaches, including a polarizer based on vanadium dioxide [12], a mechanically tunable filter using a polydimethylsiloxane substrate [21], modulators based on FSS-graphene stacked structures [22], a mechanically reconfigurable bandpass filter [23], electronically controlled flexible THz modulator [24], and thermally tunable FSS based on barium strontium titanate thin film and metamaterials [25]. Numerous fabrication techniques, including photolithography [12,22], milling [8], and laser ablation [26], have been employed for THz FSS fabrication, each chosen based on design requirements and materials. Despite their precision, these methods are time-consuming, expensive, and limited to small-scale production.…”