Low level laser (light) therapy and photobiomodulation: the path forward

Hamblin, Michael R.; Sousa, Marcelo Victor Pires de; Arany, Praveen R.; Carroll, James D.; Patthoff, Donald E.

doi:10.1117/12.2084049

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Fiber-optics can transmit light at specific wavelength over long distances by utilizing total internal reflection, allowing them to bend along its path and focus the emission spot on a specific area. Although the light delivery procedures needed for LLLT to be used for diseases of the lungs and airway are difficult, optical fibers inside needles can be applied [27]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation

Tsai

Hamblin

2017

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

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Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 760 nm and 100,000 nm. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy generally employs light at red and near-infrared wavelengths (600–100 nm) to modulate biological activity. Many factors, conditions, and parameters influence the therapeutic effects of IR, including fluence, irradiance, treatment timing and repetition, pulsing, and wavelength. Increasing evidence suggests that IR can carry out photostimulation and photobiomodulation effects particularly benefiting neural stimulation, wound healing, and cancer treatment. Nerve cells respond particularly well to IR, which has been proposed for a range of neurostimulation and neuromodulation applications, and recent progress in neural stimulation and regeneration are discussed in this review. The applications of IR therapy have moved on rapidly in recent years. For example, IR therapy has been developed that does not actually require an external power source, such as IR-emitting materials, and garments that can be powered by body heat alone. Another area of interest is the possible involvement of solar IR radiation in photoaging or photorejuvenation as opposites sides of the coin, and whether sunscreens should protect against solar IR? A better understanding of new developments and biological implications of IR could help us to improve therapeutic effectiveness or develop new methods of PBM using IR wavelengths.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation

Tsai

Hamblin

2017

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

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317

182

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“…Briefly, the stimulatory effect of PBM is based on the absorption of red and NIR photons by intracellular chromophores located within the mitochondria (cytochrome c oxidase, CCO), and perhaps also by chromophores in the plasma membrane of cells, altering the activity of one or more endogenous enzymes and electron transport, thereby increasing mitochondrial respiration and ATP production . Moreover, the biological effectiveness of wavelengths that are much longer than those absorbed by CCO and few other effects that are not explained by overstimulation of mitochondria has been proposed to be occurring through the biological influence of PBM on ion channels . Light‐sensitive ion channels can be activated allowing Ca +2 to enter the cell and eventually diverse intracellular signalling pathway activation mediated by ROS, nitric oxide (NO), cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca +2 leading to the activation of transcription factors concerned with protein synthesis, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, cell migration, proliferation, anti‐inflammatory, cell survival and inhibition of apoptosis.…”

Section: Mechanisms For Photobiomodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive red and near‐infrared wavelength‐induced photobiomodulation: promoting impaired cutaneous wound healing

Yadav

Gupta

2017

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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SUMMARYThe innumerable intricacies associated with chronic wounds have made the development of new painless, noninvasive, biophysical therapeutic interventions as the focus of current biomedical research. Red and near-infrared light-induced photobiomodulation therapy appears to emerge as a promising drug-free approach for promoting wound healing, reduction in inflammation, pain and restoration of function owing to penetration power in conjunction with their ability to positively modulate the biochemical and molecular responses. This review will describe the physical properties of red and near-infrared light and their interaction with skin and highlight their efficacy of wound repair and regeneration. Near-infrared (800-830 nm) was found to be the most effective and widely studied wavelength range followed by red (630-680 nm) and 904 nm superpulsed light exhibiting beneficial photobiomodulatory effects on impaired dermal wound healing.

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“…Typically, PBMT uses exposure of tissues to low‐intensity light (power densities in the region of 1‐100 mW/cm 2 ) for a few minutes . The wavelengths employed are mostly in the red or near‐infrared (NIR) spectral regions, and although lasers were originally used exclusively, in recent years light emitting diodes have become popular . During this exposure, light is absorbed by molecules in the cells called chromophores, such as cytochrome‐c‐oxidase, located inside mitochondria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Application of NIR light for pain has clinical advantages such as deeper penetration, which allows noninvasive, transcutaneous delivery . Reports of adverse events in PBMT are extremely rare or non‐existent, and this therapy has been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (and other national health agencies around the world) for various indications .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain management using photobiomodulation: Mechanisms, location, and repeatability quantified by pain threshold and neural biomarkers in mice

Sousa

Kawakubo

Ferraresi

et al. 2018

Journal of Biophotonics

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Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a simple, efficient and cost-effective treatment for both acute and chronic pain. We previously showed that PBM applied to the mouse head inhibited nociception in the foot. Nevertheless, the optimum parameters, location for irradiation, duration of the effect and the mechanisms of action remain unclear. In the present study, the pain threshold in the right hind paw of mice was studied, after PBM (810 nm CW laser, spot size 1 or 6 cm , 1.2-36 J/cm ) applied to various anatomical locations. The pain threshold, measured with von Frey filaments, was increased more than 3-fold by PBM to the lower back (dorsal root ganglion, DRG), as well as to other neural structures along the pathway such as the head, neck and ipsilateral (right) paw. On the other hand, application of PBM to the contralateral (left) paw, abdomen and tail had no effect. The optimal effect occurred 2 to 3 hours post-PBM and disappeared by 24 hours. Seven daily irradiations showed no development of tolerance. Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors decreased, and prostatic acid phosphatase and tubulin-positive varicosities were increased as shown by immunofluorescence of DRG samples. These findings elucidate the mechanisms of PBM for pain and provide insights for clinical practice.

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Low level laser (light) therapy and photobiomodulation: the path forward

Cited by 19 publications

References 50 publications

Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation

Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation

Noninvasive red and near‐infrared wavelength‐induced photobiomodulation: promoting impaired cutaneous wound healing

Pain management using photobiomodulation: Mechanisms, location, and repeatability quantified by pain threshold and neural biomarkers in mice

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