Low-level cognitive ability in young adulthood and other risk factors of depression in an observational cohort study among deployed Danish soldiers

Nissen, Lars Ravnborg; Karstoft, Karen‐Inge; Vedtofte, Mia Sadowa; Nielsen, Anni Brit Sternhagen; Osler, Merete; Mortensen, Erik Lykke; Christensen, Gunhild Tidemann; Andersen, Søren Bo

doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1648-1

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…A number of studies have focused on the theme of cognition and the brain. The results show that factors, such as low cognitive ability/function, cognitive vulnerability, cognitive impairment or deficits, subjective cognitive decline, regression of dendritic branching and hippocampal atrophy/death of hippocampal cells, impaired neuroplasticity, and neurogenesis-related aspects, have been linked to depression [ 131 , 212 , 222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 ]. The cognitive reserve appears to act as a moderator and can magnify the impact of certain determinants on poor mental health.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to cognitive deficits, low-level cognitive ability [ 231 ] and cognitive vulnerability [ 232 ] have also been linked to depression. While cognitive impairment may be implicated in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms [ 222 ], negative information processing biases are also important; according to the ‘cognitive neuropsychological’ model of depression, negative affective biases play a central part in the development of depression [ 222 , 241 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature

2021

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Depression is one of the leading causes of disability, and, if left unmanaged, it can increase the risk for suicide. The evidence base on the determinants of depression is fragmented, which makes the interpretation of the results across studies difficult. The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough synthesis of the literature assessing the biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression in order to piece together the puzzle of the key factors that are related to this condition. Titles and abstracts published between 2017 and 2020 were identified in PubMed, as well as Medline, Scopus, and PsycInfo. Key words relating to biological, social, and psychological determinants as well as depression were applied to the databases, and the screening and data charting of the documents took place. We included 470 documents in this literature review. The findings showed that there are a plethora of risk and protective factors (relating to biological, psychological, and social determinants) that are related to depression; these determinants are interlinked and influence depression outcomes through a web of causation. In this paper, we describe and present the vast, fragmented, and complex literature related to this topic. This review may be used to guide practice, public health efforts, policy, and research related to mental health and, specifically, depression.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature

2021

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“… 29 Scores range from 0 to 8 and a previously established cut-off score of 6 is used to screen for depression. 30 From PRIM we also included the Rasch validated Exposure to Danger and Combat Scale (EDCS) and the Witnessing Consequences of War Scale (WCWS) to account for exposure to adverse deployment experiences. EDCS scores range from 6 to 24 and WCWS scores range from 4 to 16, 31 with higher scores indicating a more dangerous environment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deployment experiences and mental health problems as predictors of post-deployment unemployment length: a prospective, register-based study among Danish soldiers

et al. 2020

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ObjectivesTo test responses of formerly deployed soldiers (FDS) to a questionnaire on deployment experiences in combination with screening levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression approximately 6 months after homecoming as predictors of the subsequent probability of gaining employment when unemployed within 5 years post-deployment.Design, setting and participantsDanish FDS responders (n=3935) and non-responders (n=3046) to a 6-month post-deployment screening questionnaire after returning from a first-ever deployment to Kosovo, Iraq or Afghanistan (2002 to 2012) were included in the study and followed in public registers from 6 months to 5 years post-deployment.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe tested Cox regression models including deployment experiences (1a), screening levels of PTSD and depressive symptoms (1b), and their combination (2) for FDS responders. For all FDS, a secondary model included a measure on whether they responded to the questionnaire (3).ResultsNeither the deployment experiences (1a) of exposure to danger and combat (HR=1.00, 95% CI=0.97 to 1.03) and witnessing consequences of war (HR=1.01, 95% CI=0.96 to 1.06), or the screening levels (1b) of PTSD (HR=1.06, 95% CI=0.84 to 1.33) and depressive symptoms (HR=0.82, 95% CI=0.64 to 1.06) were significant predictors of transitioning from unemployment to employment. Similar results were found for the combined model (2). A tendency among non-respondents (3) to have a lower probability of transitioning from unemployment to employment was found (HR=0.90, 95% CI=0.81 to 1.00).ConclusionDeployment experiences, PTSD and depressive symptoms, as measured at 6-month screening questionnaire, did not predict differences in the probability of gaining employment when unemployed within 5 years post-deployment. However, the findings suggest that those with the least probability of transitioning from unemployment to employment can be found among the non-responders to the post-deployment screening questionnaire.

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“…28 Likewise, the raw scores of a subscale, PRIM-depression, were used as a measure of depression and have been validated against the Beck Depression Inventory. 27,30,31 The existence of PRIMdefined PTSD and/or PRIM-defined depression, based on the cutoff scores, were merged into the dichotomized variable "PTSD/depression," as some of the identified symptoms measured in the questionnaire could be indicative of either of the two disorders, which are known to co-occur 8 and have both been found to be associated with SA. [32][33][34] In addition, a score for perceived social support during and after deployment was calculated (Supplementary Table 2).…”

Section: Measures Of Ptsd Depression and Social Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combat Exposure and Risk of Suicide Attempt Among Danish Army Military Personnel

Vedtofte¹,

Elrond²,

Erlangsen³

et al. 2021

J. Clin. Psychiatry

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Objective:The aim of this study was to estimate the association between self-reported perceived danger during deployment, measured as combat exposure or witnessing the consequences of war, and post-deployment suicide attempts among military personnel. Furthermore, the effect of post-deployment symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or depression on the risk of suicide attempts was also evaluated.Methods: This observational cohort study included Danish Army military personnel who returned from deployment in international missions from 1998 to 2016 and had completed a post-deployment questionnaire. Perceived exposure to danger was ascertained by self-report. Data on suicide attempt were retrieved from national registers. Adjusted Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate if military personnel indicating high level of combat exposure were more likely to have attempted suicides post-deployment than military personnel with lower levels of combat exposure.Results: Eighty-three suicide attempts were registered after homecoming among 12,218 military personnel. Perceived higher exposure to combat was associated with the risk of suicide attempt (hazard ratio = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16). Furthermore, the association between combat exposure and suicide attempt was fully mediated by post-deployment symptoms of PTSD and/ or depression. No association was found between witnessing consequences of war and the risk of post-deployment suicide attempt.Conclusions: This nationwide study found that combat exposure was associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt among military personnel. This association was, however, fully mediated by mental disorders (PTSD and/or depression). These findings suggest that better psychological follow-up of military personnel identified as having PTSD and/or depression may be warranted.

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Low-level cognitive ability in young adulthood and other risk factors of depression in an observational cohort study among deployed Danish soldiers

Cited by 5 publications

References 34 publications

Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature

Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature

Deployment experiences and mental health problems as predictors of post-deployment unemployment length: a prospective, register-based study among Danish soldiers

Combat Exposure and Risk of Suicide Attempt Among Danish Army Military Personnel

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