Low Lethal Temperature for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

Parker, Bruce L.; Skinner, Margaret; Gouli, Svetlana Y.; Ashikaga, Takamaru; Teillon, H. Brenton

doi:10.1093/ee/28.6.1085

Cited by 54 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Many studies have reported the negative effects of winter cold on the survival of HWAs [25,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. This study incorporates the effect of winter cold mortality over a four-year period and a very broad geographic region, plus the resulting change in the sistens to progrediens population ratio to develop a model of winter survival and population growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incorporating a density-dependent relationship in the winter mortality model would not have improved our model. Differences in supercooling points and mortality response to winter temperatures have been found in HWA between hardiness zones and different climatic regions [41,43,45]. Lombardo and Elkinton [46] suggested that models developed for HWA winter survival should be unique to different geoclimatic regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the detrimental effects were short lived and HWA densities rebounded by late summer to pre-2014 densities. Winter mortality has been reported to be over 90% at temperatures below −20 • C [25,37,38,42,43] and 100% mortality below −35 • C [44] and −40 • C [37]. The evidence for acclimatization or tolerance to cold has been contradictory, with reports of decline in cold hardiness after exposure to cold [42,45] and increases in cold hardiness as the winter progressed [38,41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mortality and Recovery of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in Response to Winter Temperatures and Predictions for the Future

McAvoy

Régnière

St-Amant

et al. 2017

Forests

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Eastern (Tsuga canadensis) and Carolina hemlocks (T. caroliniana) of eastern North America have been attacked by the non-native hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (HWA) since the first half of the 20th century. Unlike most insects, HWA develops through one generation from fall to late winter, exposing this insect to the lethal effects of winter temperatures. The mortality inflicted by winter temperatures on HWA determines the surviving population density as well as its ability to spread to uninfested areas. With the ongoing changes in climate, knowledge of this species' ability to survive and spread in the future can help land managers prepare for its management. This study began during the winter of 2014 and ended in the spring of 2017. During this period, winter mortality of HWA was recorded at 100 sites from Maine to Georgia (n = 209). Changes in population density from the sistens to the succeeding progrediens generation were recorded at 24 sites (n = 35). Models were developed to predict HWA mortality using the lowest minimum temperature prior to the mortality assessment date, the number of days with mean temperature <−1 • C, and the mean daily temperature of the three days preceding that minimum. Models were also developed to predict population density changes from the overwintering sistens generation to the following progrediens generation. Future projections under climate change showed increases in winter survival and population growth rates over time. Especially towards the northeastern edge of T. canadensis' distribution as minimum temperatures are predicted to increase at a greater rate. This will result in an increase in density throughout its current distribution and expansion northward causing an increase in its impact on eastern Tsuga spp.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mortality and Recovery of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in Response to Winter Temperatures and Predictions for the Future

McAvoy

Régnière

St-Amant

et al. 2017

Forests

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Two decades later, data from this permanent plot network have shown that in Connecticut, where T. canadensis is distributed patchily in relatively small stands, tree mortality has been somewhat slower than initially forecasted and salvage logging has been less extensive than feared [36]. Faunal change in these small declining stands ∘ C indicates the LT 50 for the hemlock woolly adelgidthe temperature at which 50% mortality of the adelgid is expected [46,47].…”

Section: A Natural Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Climate, especially winter minimum temperature, remains the primary environmental factor limiting the northward spread (Figure 2; see also [31,45]), overwinter survivorship, and long-term persistence of the hemlock woolly adelgid [36,[46][47][48][49][50].…”

Section: A Natural Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiments Are Revealing a Foundation Species: A Case Study of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)

Ellison

2014

Advances in Ecology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Foundation species are species that create and define particular ecosystems; control in large measure the distribution and abundance of associated flora and fauna; and modulate core ecosystem processes, such as energy flux and biogeochemical cycles. However, whether a particular species plays a foundational role in a system is not simply asserted. Rather, it is a hypothesis to be tested, and such tests are best done with large-scale, long-term manipulative experiments. The utility of such experiments is illustrated through a review of the Harvard Forest Hemlock Removal Experiment (HF-HeRE), a multidecadal, multihectare experiment designed to test the foundational role of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, in eastern North American forests. Experimental removal of T. canadensis has revealed that after 10 years, this species has pronounced, long-term effects on associated flora and fauna, but shorter-term effects on energy flux and nutrient cycles. We hypothesize that on century-long scales, slower changes in soil microbial associates will further alter ecosystem processes in T. canadensis stands. HF-HeRE may indeed continue for >100 years, but at such time scales, episodic disturbances and changes in regional climate and land cover can be expected to interact in novel ways with these forests and their foundation species.

show abstract