“…Wave normal angles show intermediate values (30°–50°) at L < 2 and at frequencies below 0.25 f LHR over 2 < L < 4, where f LHR represents the equatorial lower hybrid resonance frequency, which is approximately equal to f ce /43 in this region where the electron plasma frequency is larger than the electron cyclotron frequency. Overall, the majority of LGWs show oblique wave normal angles, indicating that they propagate preferentially in the unducted mode, consistent with the previous statistical results of oblique wave normal angles over 40°–90° (Jacobson et al, 2020). However, wave normal angles tend to be small at frequencies above 0.1 f ce , although not many LGWs are detected in this frequency range (Figure 3a).…”