Low-Impact Parking Lot Design Reduces Runoff and Pollutant Loads

Rushton, Betty

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2001)127:3(172)

Cited by 222 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Moreover, heavy foot traffic on the grass in the park areas or other greenbelt soils must be avoided. To increase the infiltration rate, porous pavements and lots that allow precipitation to infiltrate through the pavement and into the soil can be applied to preserve the natural hydrology and enhance (85-90%) pollutant removal efficiencies (Legret and Colandini 1999;Pratt et al 1995;Rushton 2001).…”

Section: Quality Of Runoff Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Water infiltration in urban soils and its effects on the quantity and quality of runoff

2011

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Purpose Urban soil characteristics, especially soil physical properties, are subject to dramatic changes due to compaction by intensive human activities, which may cause frequent flood events during the rainy seasons. The aim of this study was to explore the water infiltration characteristics of urban soils with different degrees of compaction and to determine the effects of infiltration on environmental problems in urban areas. Materials and methods Ten typical land use patterns with various vegetation and age were selected in Nanjing City, China to determine the infiltration rates by the dual-ring method. Three replicated sites were done in the same combined mode. At the same time, other soil physical and chemical properties that may affect infiltration rate were also determined. In addition, urban surface runoff coefficients were estimated according to final infiltrations and rain intensities in the different degrees of soil compaction. The quality of flood water from a strong rainstorm in a main road in Nanjing was analyzed. Results and discussion The final infiltration rates of urban soils were highly variable (from very slow to very fast). Low soil infiltration rates are related to many factors; however, urban soil compaction is the leading one.Infiltration rates decreased with an increase in the bulk density and with a reduction in the air-filled porosity. Thus, large amounts of macropores increase the infiltration rate and reduce surface runoff. Runoff coefficients of compacted soils with low infiltration rates were high, especially for extremely compacted soil. As a result, the prevalence of flooding is high in compacted soils, and the quality of surface runoff water is reduced during flooding events. The concentrations of NO 3 − -N, total nitrogen, molybdatereactive phosphorus, total phosphors, and suspended material in urban surface runoff were significantly higher than those observed in forested or agricultural watersheds.Conclusions In urban areas, low infiltration rates caused by soil compaction have negative effects on the ecoenvironment of the city and result in increased instantaneous flooding and poor surface water quality. Thus, to improve the eco-environment of urban areas, the amount of greenbelt soil must be increased and soil compaction must be reduced.

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Section: Quality Of Runoff Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Water infiltration in urban soils and its effects on the quantity and quality of runoff

2011

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“…At S04, 37.6% of the drainage area was paved with asphalt and the highway runoff drained into a large grassy median that were both simultaneously monitored in mixed samples [30]. For the parking lots, several loads for pre-treated runoff were reported [29]: asphalt surfaces with subsequent vegetated swales (S05,S06), cement surfaces with subsequent vegetated swales (S07,S08), and pervious surfaces with subsequent vegetated swales (S09,S10). A comparison of the sites S05-S10 with the sites P01 and P02 shows that small alterations to parking lot designs can dramatically decrease runoff metal loads.…”

Section: Fixed Site-specific Influencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stormwater Management: Calculation of Traffic Area Runoff Loads and Traffic Related Emissions

Huber¹

2016

Water

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Metals such as antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc can be highly relevant pollutants in stormwater runoff from traffic areas because of their occurrence, toxicity, and non-degradability. Long-term measurements of their concentrations, the corresponding water volumes, the catchment areas, and the traffic volumes can be used to calculate specific emission loads and annual runoff loads that are necessary for mass balances. In the literature, the annual runoff loads are often specified by a distinct catchment area (e.g., g/ha). These loads were summarized and discussed in this paper for all seven metals and three types of traffic areas (highways, parking lots, and roads; 45 sites). For example, the calculated median annual runoff loads of all sites are 355 g/ha for copper, 110 g/ha for lead (only data of the 21st century), and 1960 g/ha for zinc. In addition, historical trends, annual variations, and site-specific factors were evaluated for the runoff loads. For Germany, mass balances of traffic related emissions and annual heavy metal runoff loads from highways and total traffic areas were calculated. The influences on the mass fluxes of the heavy metal emissions and the runoff pollution were discussed. However, a statistical analysis of the annual traffic related metal fluxes, in particular for different traffic area categories and land uses, is currently not possible because of a lack of monitoring data.

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“…Specific design and planning values for LID practices are difficult to achieve because different LID types and sizes can have similar effects on hydrological components [6]. Thus, various studies to find the best solution for LID design and planning have been performed [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision Support System for the Design and Planning of Low-Impact Development Practices: The Case of Seoul

Song

Chung

Kim

2018

Water

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This study presented the conceptual framework of the water-management analysis module (WMAM) to derive effective physical specifications for the design and planning of low-impact development (LID) practices using the storm-water management model (SWMM). This decision-support system can be used for six LID types and has the following key capabilities: determining relevant LID design parameters within the SWMM that critically influence the hydrological cycle components using a simple sensitivity analysis and determining the best hydrological values for LID planning specification. This study analyzed a highly urbanized university campus as a case study to determine the design and planning specifications for an infiltration trench and permeable pavement. In addition, the performance of different LID practices during high-intensity rainfall events was compared. The results indicate that the WMAM can be very useful in determining many LID design and planning parameters.

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Low-Impact Parking Lot Design Reduces Runoff and Pollutant Loads

Cited by 222 publications

References 6 publications

Water infiltration in urban soils and its effects on the quantity and quality of runoff

Water infiltration in urban soils and its effects on the quantity and quality of runoff

Stormwater Management: Calculation of Traffic Area Runoff Loads and Traffic Related Emissions

Decision Support System for the Design and Planning of Low-Impact Development Practices: The Case of Seoul

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