Low Hopes, High Expectations

Klein, Olivier; Doyen, Stéphane; Leys, Christophe; Gama, Pedro A. Magalhães De Saldanha da; Miller, Sarah; Questienne, Laurence; Cleeremans, Axel

doi:10.1177/1745691612463704

Cited by 110 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Likewise, the social context in which the studies were conducted (e.g., type of social interactions between experimenters and participants during or before the experiment, presence of incentive or reward) should also be described with more details than what is currently done in most papers. In this regard, Klein et al (2012) provided a list of guidelines for specifying some methodological information useful for determining boundary conditions of assessed effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quite surprisingly, most social-psychological theories hardly ever make any explicit mention of the auxiliary assumptions that are present in the process of their elaboration (McGuire, 1983; see also Klein et al, 2012). Given the rationale outlined above, these assumptions could in fact be necessary to verify the predictions of a theory.…”

Section: Hidden Auxiliary Assumptions and Psychological Theories' Repmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Replicability Crisis in Social Psychology: Looking at the Past to Find New Pathways for the Future

Świątkowski¹,

Dompnier

2017

rips

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Over the last few years, psychology researchers have become increasingly preoccupied with the question of whether findings from psychological studies are generally replicable. The debates have originated from some unfortunate events of scientific misconduct in the field, and they have reached a climax with the recent discovery of a relatively weak rate of replicability of published literature, leading to the so-called replicability crisis in psychology.The present paper is concerned with examining the issue of replicability in the field of social psychology. We begin by drawing a state of the art of the crisis in this field. We then highlight some possible causes for the crisis, discussing topics of statistical power, questionable research practices, publication standards, and hidden auxiliary assumptions of context-dependency of social psychological theories. Finally, we argue that given the absence of absolute falsification in science, social psychology could greatly benefit from adopting McGuire's perspectivist approach to knowledge construction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hidden Auxiliary Assumptions and Psychological Theories' Repmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replicability Crisis in Social Psychology: Looking at the Past to Find New Pathways for the Future

Świątkowski¹,

Dompnier

2017

rips

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“…Klein et al, 2012;Orne, 1969). This method has the advantage that expectation and improvement can be measured in the same subjects (the danger, though, is that tests of expectancy may be reactive).…”

Section: Assessing Expectationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pervasive Problem With Placebos in Psychology

Boot

Simons

Stothart

et al. 2013

Perspect Psychol Sci

540

317

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To draw causal conclusions about the efficacy of a psychological intervention, researchers must compare the treatment condition with a control group that accounts for improvements caused by factors other than the treatment. Using an active control helps to control for the possibility that improvement by the experimental group resulted from a placebo effect. Although active control groups are superior to “no-contact” controls, only when the active control group has the same expectation of improvement as the experimental group can we attribute differential improvements to the potency of the treatment. Despite the need to match expectations between treatment and control groups, almost no psychological interventions do so. This failure to control for expectations is not a minor omission—it is a fundamental design flaw that potentially undermines any causal inference. We illustrate these principles with a detailed example from the video-game-training literature showing how the use of an active control group does not eliminate expectation differences. The problem permeates other interventions as well, including those targeting mental health, cognition, and educational achievement. Fortunately, measuring expectations and adopting alternative experimental designs makes it possible to control for placebo effects, thereby increasing confidence in the causal efficacy of psychological interventions.

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“…Finally, it is increasingly recognised that experimental methods in psychology may be imperfect, with weak statistical power (Chase & Chase, 1976; Cohen, 1962;Tressoldi, 2012) and possible experimenter effects (Doyen, Klein, Pichon, & Cleeremans, 2012;Klein et al, 2012). This is particularly a challenge when studying subtle social effects like mimicry and when using confederates.…”

Section: Robustness and Statistical Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive mechanisms for responding to mimicry from others

Hale

Hamilton

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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unclear how the complex behavioural effects of mimicry relate to neural systems which respond to being mimicked. Mimicry activates regions associated with mirror properties, selfother processing and reward. In this review, we outline three potential models linking these regions with cognitive consequences of being mimicked. The models suggest that positive downstream consequences of mimicry may depend upon self-other overlap, detection of contingency or low prediction error. Finally, we highlight limitations with traditional research designs and suggest alternative methods for achieving highly ecological validity and experimental control. We also highlight unanswered questions which may guide future research. Keywords: mimicry, imitation, nonverbal behaviour, neurocognitive modelsIt is often said that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, and copying what other people do is a central feature of human social interaction (Frith & Frith, 2012; Hamilton, 2014; Meltzoff, 2010; Over & Carpenter, 2013). One way we copy others is through unconscious behavioural mimicry, also described as 'behaviour matching' (Bernieri & Rosenthal, 1991;Chartrand & Bargh, 1999) or the 'chameleon effect' (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999). This kind of mimicry occurs when one person unintentionally and effortlessly copies another person's posture or body movements without either one being aware (Chartrand & Lakin, 2013;Chartrand & van Baaren, 2009). Mimicry may extend to the contagion of facial expressions (Bavelas, Black, Lemery, & Mullett, 1986, 1987 Dimberg, Thunberg, & Elmehed, 2000;Hsee, Hatfield, Carlson, & Chemtob, 1990), moods (Hsee et al., 1990;Neumann & Strack, 2000) and speech (Giles & Powesland, 1975;Neumann & Strack, 2000).As well as mimicry, there are many other ways we coordinate our behaviour with other people during social interactions (Table 1). The umbrella term 'interpersonal coordination' covers a range of coordinated actions between two people, which can be linked in both space and time. Actions occurring at the same time are described as entrained or synchronous; this includes perfect synchrony where actions are matched in form and timing, as well as general synchrony where different actions are coordinated in time (see Table 1, column 1). Actions that occur after a delay but which are contingent on the other are termed imitation or mimicry if the form is the same, and complementary if the form is different (see column 2). There is a distinction between imitation, which is deliberate and goal-directed,and mimicry, which is unconscious and spontaneous. In this paper we will focus specifically on mimicry. For the main part we will limit our review to mimicry of postures and body movements, and we will not include literature on facial, emotional or vocal mimicry. We will also concentrate on adult mimicry rather than developmental literature. At the end, we will return to consider how future research may situate mimicry within a wider framework of interpersonal coordination. Whilst partners in real life social interac...

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Low Hopes, High Expectations

Cited by 110 publications

References 50 publications

Replicability Crisis in Social Psychology: Looking at the Past to Find New Pathways for the Future

Replicability Crisis in Social Psychology: Looking at the Past to Find New Pathways for the Future

The Pervasive Problem With Placebos in Psychology

Cognitive mechanisms for responding to mimicry from others

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