Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Speed Variations Due to Oceanic Bubbles

Su, Ming‐Yang; Cartmill, John

doi:10.1142/9789814447102_0025

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Immediately after wave breaking, the newly created bubbles are typically of sizes 0.1 -10 mm (Deane, 1997;Haines and Johnson, 1995;Phelps et al, 1997;Zhang et al, 2002). Once bubble creation processes cease, the newly formed bubble plume evolves under the influence of turbulent diffusion, advection, buoyant degassing and dissolution, leaving behind a diffuse cloud of microbubbles (Baldy, 1988;Baldy and Bourguel, 1985;Breitz and Medwin, 1989;Cartmill and Su, 1993;Johnson and Cooke, 1979;Kolovayev, 1976;Leeuw and Cohen, 1995;Phelps and Leighton, 1998;Su and Cartmil, 1994;Su et al, 1988;Terrill et al, 2001;Farmer, 1992, 1998;Walsh and Mulhearn, 1987). Copious amounts of bubbles have also been observed in quiescent seas (Fig.…”

Section: Air Bubblesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recipes for the Derivation of Water Quality Parameters Using the High-Spatial-Resolution Data from Sensors on Board Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Landsat-8, and Landsat-9 Satellites

et al. 2023

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Satellites have provided high-resolution ( < 100 m) water color (i.e., remote sensing reflectance) and thermal emission imagery of aquatic environments since the early 1980s; however, global operational water quality products based on these data are not readily available (e.g., temperature, chlorophyll- a , turbidity, and suspended particle matter). Currently, because of the postprocessing required, only users with expressive experience can exploit these data, limiting their utility. Here, we provide paths (recipes) for the nonspecialist to access and derive water quality products, along with examples of applications, from sensors on board Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Landsat-8, Landsat-9, Sentinel-2A, and Sentinel-2B. We emphasize that the only assured metric for success in product derivation and the assigning of uncertainties to them is via validation with in situ data. We hope that this contribution will motivate nonspecialists to use publicly available high-resolution satellite data to study new processes and monitor a variety of novel environments that have received little attention to date.

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Section: Air Bubblesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acoustics-based methods (dashed lines in Fig. 8.27) include resonator (Cartmill and Su, 1993;Medwin, 1970;Su and Cartmil, 1994;Terrill and Melville, 2000;Vagle and Farmer, 1998), sound speed dispersion (Huffman and Zveare, 1974), backscatter Farmer, 1992, 1998), and nonlinear interaction (Phelps and Leighton, 1998;Phelps et al, 1997).…”

Section: Air Bubblesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recipes for the Derivation of Water Quality Parameters Using the High-Spatial-Resolution Data from Sensors on Board Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Landsat-8, and Landsat-9 Satellites

et al. 2023

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Bubble Measurement Techniques and Bubble Dynamics in Coastal Shallow Water

Su¹,

Wesson²

2001

Advances in Coastal and Ocean Engineering

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The volume scattering function of natural bubble populations

Zhang

Lewis

Lee

et al. 2002

Limnology & Oceanography

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The volume scattering function (VSF) of natural bubble populations is (1) determined from Mie scattering theory, (2) measured by a newly designed volume scattering meter in the laboratory, and (3) inferred from field observations of the VSF. The laboratory measurements have confirmed our theoretical prediction in that (1) bubbles of sizes that have been recorded in situ in the surface ocean (Ͼ10 m) show elevated scattering for angles between 60Њ and 80Њ and (2) the organic coatings on the bubble surface will increase the scattering in the backward hemisphere but little change the scattering in the forward directions, including the critical angles. An optimization analysis is applied to the measurement of the VSF in coastal waters, and the results suggest the potential existence of submicron bubbles that are coated with organic film. The bubble population thus determined, which has a negligible contribution to the total scattering (5%), accounts for 40% of the total backscattering that has been observed in situ. The extension of the bubble size distribution to smaller sizes than can presently be measured by direct techniques will alter the shape of derived phase function in general but will result in rather small changes to the backscattering ratio (Ͻ20%) as long as the slope of the size distribution is small, because most of the changes are in the forward (Ͻ10Њ) direction. However, the prominent peak in the VSF at the critical angle observed for larger bubbles is strongly reduced by the inclusion of the small sizes, and the backscattering ratio is increased by a factor of two for distributions that varies as the Ϫ4 power of size. Because these bubbles contribute strongly to scattering at large angles, these results have significant implications for the remote observation of the color of the sea.Remote observations of the spectral distribution of light backscattered from the upper ocean provide the only practical means for diagnosing the spatial and temporal varia-

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Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Speed Variations Due to Oceanic Bubbles

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Recipes for the Derivation of Water Quality Parameters Using the High-Spatial-Resolution Data from Sensors on Board Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Landsat-8, and Landsat-9 Satellites

Recipes for the Derivation of Water Quality Parameters Using the High-Spatial-Resolution Data from Sensors on Board Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Landsat-8, and Landsat-9 Satellites

Bubble Measurement Techniques and Bubble Dynamics in Coastal Shallow Water

The volume scattering function of natural bubble populations

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