“…The finite element method (FEM), which solves the differential equations, draws extensive attentions in MAPoD study because it is easier to implement than the boundary element method (BEM) or volume element method (VEM), which solve the integral equations [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. However, it discretizes the whole solution domain with volume meshes which need large computational resources in both FEM and VEM [ 23 ]. BEM has the merits that only the surface meshes of the considered domain need to be discretized which leads to a reduction in the number of unknowns and has been applied to compute the flaw responses in ECNDE forward problems and MAPoD study [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”