“…The data obtained in this paper supported the earlier dielectric results for various proteins [17][18][19][20][21], which indicate that water significantly affects the a-dispersion region. The temperature dependencies of the complex permittivity of the tissues studied suggest the important role of water in the stabilisation of the collagen and keratin macromolecule structure.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 89%
“…So, the available literature gives the results of the dielectric properties of human and animal tissues in incomplete adispersion region, i.e., starting from 10 Hz [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. More information on the dielectric behaviour of biological materials in the a-dispersion has been collected for proteins [3,[17][18][19][20][21]. The results collected for proteins indicate that the dispersion in them is influenced by the water content of the samples, which is manifested by a shift of the characteristic dispersion frequency towards higher frequencies.…”
“…The data obtained in this paper supported the earlier dielectric results for various proteins [17][18][19][20][21], which indicate that water significantly affects the a-dispersion region. The temperature dependencies of the complex permittivity of the tissues studied suggest the important role of water in the stabilisation of the collagen and keratin macromolecule structure.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 89%
“…So, the available literature gives the results of the dielectric properties of human and animal tissues in incomplete adispersion region, i.e., starting from 10 Hz [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. More information on the dielectric behaviour of biological materials in the a-dispersion has been collected for proteins [3,[17][18][19][20][21]. The results collected for proteins indicate that the dispersion in them is influenced by the water content of the samples, which is manifested by a shift of the characteristic dispersion frequency towards higher frequencies.…”
“…Arrhenius-type temperature dependence is found indeed for all water amounts, whereas the 1/T type behavior of the second term in the right hand side has been verified earlier in hydrated collagene [159]. Since increasing the surface coverage can results in both decreasing [107,117,133,140,[160][161][162][163][164][165] and increasing [159,[166][167][168][169][170][171] activation energies, non-monotonous trends [116,172] are likely to be due to the simultaneous occurence of the different processes. Earlier it was assumed that the dynamics is governed by charge carrier generation and transfer processes [107].…”
Section: Dependence Of the Activation Energy On Water Adsorptionmentioning
confidence: 52%
“…activation energies of various relaxation processes decreased with increasing surface coverage in clay materials [162] and polymer composites [165] but increased in Fe 2 O 3 [156], Ag 2 O [168], silica [170,176], calcium-silicate-hydrate [157,158] and ovalbumine adsorbents [166,171].…”
Section: Dependence Of the Activation Energy On Water Adsorptionmentioning
Titanates are salts of polytitanic acid that can be synthesized as nanostructures in a great variety concerning crystallinity, morphology, size, metal content and surface chemistry.Titanate nanotubes (open-ended hollow cylinders measuring up to 200 nm in length and 15 nm in outer diameter) and nanowires (solid, elongated rectangular blocks with length up to 1500 nm and 30-60 nm diameter) are the most widespread representatives of the titanate nanomaterial family. This review covers the properties and applications of these two materials from the surface science point of view. Dielectric, vibrational, electron and X-ray spectroscopic results are comprehensively discussed first, then surface modification methods including covalent functionalization, ion exchange and metal loading are covered. The versatile surface chemistry of onedimensional titanates renders them excellent candidates for heterogeneous catalytic, photocatalytic, photovoltaic and energy storage applications, therefore, these fields are also reviewed.
“…In hydrated biopolymers [24][25][26], which have been found to have a similar dielectric response to that of the epoxy resin presented in Figure 4, it was suggested that proton transfer is responsible for the long-range charge transport QDC mechanism, and some evidence for isotope dependence has been presented in [25] supporting this hypothesis. The chemical composition of the epoxy resin systems also has the potential for proton transfer, with proton donors, such as salicylic acid, often being used to facilitate polymerization and accelerate the final curing reaction [27] between hardeners such as diamine and the epoxide groups.…”
Electrical treeing experiments have been conducted at different temperatures and levels of absorbed moisture in Araldite CY1311 epoxy resin samples above their glass transition temperature, i.e. when the resin was in a flexible state. The fractal dimension of the electrical trees obtained and the rate of tree growth were found to depend on the environmental factors: temperature and humidity. It has also been found that at certain levels of temperature and moisture absorbed in the samples, a transition occurs from electrical treeing degradation to breakdown by thermal runaway. Complementary investigations of the dielectric properties of the same epoxy resin system have revealed that a bulk quasi-dc (QDC) charge transport mechanism takes place above the glass transition temperature, and we show that the characteristic features of the dielectric response are related to the shape of the electrical treeing degradation and the transition to thermal breakdown. This is explained qualitatively through the effect of the bulk QDC charge transport process in modifying the local space charge electric field distribution.
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