Low‐Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multislice Computed Tomography for the Detection of Cervical Syringomyelia in Dogs

Kromhout, Kaatje; Bree, Henri J. J. van; Broeckx, Bart J. G.; Bhatti, Sofie; Decker, Steven De; Polis, Ingeborgh; Gielen, Ingrid

doi:10.1111/jvim.13579

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“… Macroscopic malformations (hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia, lissencephaly, hydromyelia, syringomyelia, spinal dysraphism) [ 8 - 15 ]; Microscopic lesions (involving the inner ear in congenital deafness and vestibular syndrome and the gray or white matter in degenerative diseases) [ 9 , 16 , 17 ]; Alterations involving molecular structures only (decreased number of acetylcholine receptors in congenital myasthenia gravis, enzymatic deficiency in storage diseases, abnormalities of neurotransmitters or their receptors in narcolepsy) [ 9 , 18 - 24 ]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Congenital and inherited neurologic diseases in dogs and cats: Legislation and its effect on purchase in Italy

Passantino

Masucci

2016

Vet World

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Many of the congenital neurologic diseases can result in incapacity or death of the animal. Some of them, such as idiopathic epilepsy and hydrocephalus, exhibit breed or familial predisposition and a genetic basis was proved or suggested. Some diseases can be presumptively diagnosed after a detailed signalment (breed predisposition), history (e.g. family history because many of these defects have familial tendencies), and through physical exam; other diagnostic methods (radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, electrophysiologic tests, etc.) can provide supportive evidence for the congenital defect and help to confirm the diagnosis. Some cases can lead to civil law-suits when the lesions are congenital, but not easily recognizable, or when the lesions are hereditary but tend to became manifest only after some time (more than 12 months after the date of purchase, e.g., after the vice-free guarantee period has expired). Moreover, quite frequently an early diagnosis is not made because there are delays in consulting the veterinarian or the general practitioner veterinarian does not perceive subtle signs. This study was designed to focus on the medico-legal aspects concerning the buying and selling in Italy of dogs and cats affected by congenital and hereditary neurologic diseases that could constitute vice in these animals. While adequate provisions to regulate in detail the various aspects of pet sale have still to be drawn up by legislators, it may be helpful to involve breeders, by obliging them by contract to extend guarantees in the case of hereditary lesions, including neurologic diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Macroscopic malformations (hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia, lissencephaly, hydromyelia, syringomyelia, spinal dysraphism) [ 8 - 15 ];…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital and inherited neurologic diseases in dogs and cats: Legislation and its effect on purchase in Italy

Passantino

Masucci

2016

Vet World

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“…Of note is that the interobserver reliability for SM classification as normal versus abnormal for both the experienced versus novice observers and the experienced versus experienced observers was better than that previously reported in research on various dog breeds using low-field MRI studies [25]. This likely reflects the differences in image quality and the influence thereof on the assessment of the presence or absence of SM.…”

Section: And Sm Classificationmentioning

confidence: 59%

Craniocervical Morphometry in Pomeranians—Part I: Intra-Observer, Interobserver, and Intermodality (CT vs. MRI) Agreement

Santifort,

Bellekom,

Carrera

et al. 2024

Animals

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Background: Currently, there are no diagnostic imaging-based studies that have focused specifically on the craniocervical morphology of Pomeranian dogs in relation to Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia (CM/SM). The aims of Part I of this two-part study are to assess the intra-observer, interobserver, and intermodality reliability and agreement for various aspects of the craniocervical morphology of Pomeranians with and without CM/SM. Methods: Prospectively, Pomeranians were included that underwent both CT and MRI studies of the head and cervicothoracic vertebral column. Two observers (experienced and novice) independently performed CM and SM classifications, qualitative assessments, and quantitative measurements. The experienced observer performed these assessments twice. A third observer (experienced) performed CM and SM normal or abnormal classifications. Results: Ninety-nine (99) dogs were included. Interobserver reliability was influenced by observer experience level. For the experienced versus novice observers, substantial interobserver agreement was found for classification of SM as normal or abnormal (Cohen’s kappa = 0.63), while interobserver agreement was fair for classification of SM as normal or abnormal (Cohen’s kappa = 0.31). Interobserver, intra-observer, and intermodality reliability were variable for different measurements and assessments, and best overall for the CT-based measurements. Conclusions: Interobserver reliability and agreement results should be taken into account in the evaluation of results of future studies as well as the evaluation of imaging studies of Pomeranians presented clinically.

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“…A limitation of this study compared to previous longitudinal studies is the inclusion of some low-field MRI studies for MRI1 in a minority of patients. Rather than excluding these patients, we included them as studies have shown that low-field MRI can be used to detect CM/SM ( 30 ). Of the 5 dogs that had a low-field MRI1, all had a high-field MRI2 and only 2/5 dogs were classified differently at MRI2, being SM0 and SM1 at MRI1 and MRI2, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…we included them as studies have shown that low-field MRI can be used to detect CM/SM (30). Of the 5 dogs that had a lowfield MRI1, all had a high-field MRI2 and only 2/5 dogs were classified differently at MRI2, being SM0 and SM1 at MRI1 and MRI2, respectively.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal assessment of syringomyelia in Pomeranians

Santifort,

Carrera,

Mandigers

2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionChiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) are disorders that, in dogs, affect mainly small and toy breeds, including the Pomeranian. These disorders are linked to a great number of (owner-reported) clinical signs (ORCS) suggestive of pain. Aging was associated with an increased risk of having SM in several studies. However, there are only a few longitudinal studies that assess the presence and severity of CM/SM over time in CKCS dogs and progression of SM was linked to progression of clinical signs. The aim of this study was to investigate ORCS, CM/SM classification, and quantitative syrinx parameters in relation to progression of time (age) within individual Pomeranians.Materials and methodsPomeranians with or without ORCS and with or without diagnoses of CM/SM were included that had undergone two (or more) MRI studies of the craniocervicothoracic region between January 2020 and June 2023. Classification of CM/SM and quantitative syrinx measurements were performed. Absolute values as well as ratios for syrinx height, width, and cross-sectional area were included for analysis.ResultsA total of 19 Pomeranians were included in the study, of which 11 were male (58%) and 8 were female (42%). The median age at the time of MRI1 was 26 months (range 7–44 months). The median scan interval was 26 months (range 11–49 months). Eleven dogs (58%) were presented with ORCS at the time of MRI1, whereas the other 8 dogs (42%) had no ORCS at that time. At the time of MRI2, there were 17/19 dogs (89%) with ORCS and 2/19 dogs without ORCS (11%). Dogs were significantly more likely to have ORCS at MRI2 than MRI1 (p = 0. 0411). There was no significant difference between CM/SM classification at the time of MRI1 and MRI2. Significant differences were found between MRI1 and MRI2 for syrinx height (based on transverse images) (absolute value and ratio P = 0.0059), syrinx width (absolute value P = 0.1055, ratio P = 0.0039), and syrinx cross sectional area (absolute value P = 0.0195, ratio P = 0.0217).DiscussionThere are differences in the presence or absence of ORCS as well as quantitative syrinx measurements in Pomeranians at different ages. This finding supports that longitudinal changes occur in the SM status of Pomeranians.

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Low‐Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multislice Computed Tomography for the Detection of Cervical Syringomyelia in Dogs

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Congenital and inherited neurologic diseases in dogs and cats: Legislation and its effect on purchase in Italy

Congenital and inherited neurologic diseases in dogs and cats: Legislation and its effect on purchase in Italy

Craniocervical Morphometry in Pomeranians—Part I: Intra-Observer, Interobserver, and Intermodality (CT vs. MRI) Agreement

Longitudinal assessment of syringomyelia in Pomeranians

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