Low extracellular lysyl oxidase expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer

Abstract

Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is induced by lysyl oxidase (LOX), has been demonstrated to accompany tumor progression; however, the association between LOX expression levels and the malignant behavior of prostate cancer (Pca) remains unclear. The present study aimed to analyze the tumor-associated expression profile of LOX in patients with Pca and to evaluate its potential prognostic value. In the form of a retrospective study, the expression patterns of LOX and collagen I were analyzed in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and Pca by immunohistochemical examination. The results demonstrated that, with the initiation and progression of Pca, the expression levels of LOX and collagen I were closely associated with Gleason score and tumor stage. In addition, although LOX was expressed in cancer and non-cancer tissues, the differential expression pattern observed in the ECM of Pca cells may indicate that LOX is an important molecule that affects the progression of this disease. Therefore, LOX expression level in the ECM may function as an independent predictor of Pca.

Targeting Lysyl Oxidase Family Meditated Matrix Cross-Linking as an Anti-Stromal Therapy in Solid Tumours

“…Since irregular LOX family expression has been linked to poor prognosis ( Table 3 ), notably in breast, pancreatic, cervical, lung and liver cancer, as well as correlated with clinicopathological features of later stage disease in cervical, gastric and head and neck cancers [ 77 , 99 , 101 , 105 , 107 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 ], efforts towards using LOX family members for additional staging, as an indicator of disease progression, or a potential biomarker of response to therapy in solid cancers has increased. The relationship between LOX family member expression and activity on patient outcome and survival has been examined across numerous solid cancer types and is summarized in Table 3 .…”

“…The complexities of correlating LOX family expression and tumour staging are typified in prostate cancer, where high LOX expression has been correlated with advanced tumour stage; however, low LOX expression was associated with decreased overall survival [ 128 ]. In other cancers such as breast and pancreatic, higher LOX expression correlates with promotion of metastasis [ 60 , 78 , 129 , 130 , 131 ], induction of chemoresistance [ 43 , 45 ] and poor survival [ 44 , 60 , 129 ].…”

“…The complexities of correlating LOX family expression and tumour staging are typified in prostate cancer, where high LOX expression has been correlated with advanced tumour stage; however, low LOX expression was associated with decreased overall survival [128].…”

Limited utility of qPCR-based detection of tumor-specific circulating mRNAs in whole blood from clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients

“…Lysyl oxidase (LOX) performs covalent cross linking in elastin and collagen by oxidizing lysine residues, and therefore is important for the integrity of extracellular matrix [66]. It has both intracellular and extracellular functions and is involved in a number of pathological processes that affect the connective tissue [67]. It is upregulated in many cancers and involved in tumor progression, although it has been reported to function as a tumor-suppressor as well.…”

Lysyl oxidase family members in urological tumorigenesis and fibrosis

“…LOX expression is lower in PCa tissues than in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) nodules [ 46 ], and is also reduced in metastases compared with primary PCa tissues, suggesting LOX decline during progression to metastasis [ 47 ]. Lower LOX level was associated with higher PCa grade and increased risk of tumor-associated mortality [ 46 ]. These findings suggest that LOX acts as a tumor suppressor in PCa.…”