Low expression of activation marker CD69 and chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 on memory T cells after 2009 H₁N₁influenza A antigen stimulation in vitro following H1N1 vaccination of HIV-infected individuals

Abstract

Unlike well-studied antibody responses to pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus-infected (HIV+) individuals, less well understood are cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to this antigen in this susceptible population. We investigated such influenza-specific CMI responses in 61 HIV+ individuals and in 20 HIV-negative (HIV-) healthy controls. Each was vaccinated with a single licensed dose of inactivated, split-virion vaccine comprised of the influenza A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) virus-like strain. Cells collected just prior to vaccination and at 1 and 3 months afterwards were stimulated in vitro with dialyzed vaccine antigen and assayed by flow cytometry for cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-10, for degranulation marker CD107a, as well as phenotypes of memory T-cell subpopulations. Comparable increases of cytokine-producing and CD107a-expressing T cells were observed in both HIV+ subjects and healthy HIV-controls. However, by 3 months post-vaccination, in vitro antigen stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced greater expansion in controls of both CD4 and CD8 central memory and effector memory T cells, as well as higher expression of the activation marker CD69 and chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 than in HIV+ subjects. We concluded CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells produce cytokines at comparable levels in both groups, whereas the expression after in vitro stimulation of molecules critical for cell migration to infection sites are lower in the HIV+ than in comparable controls. Further immunization strategies against influenza are needed to improve the CMI responses in people living with HIV.

Hepatitis B Vaccination Induced TNF-α- and IL-2-Producing T Cell Responses in HIV− Healthy Individuals Higher than in HIV+ Individuals Who Received the Same Vaccination Regimen

“…Cytokine-producing T cells analysis was performed as described previously [ 34 ]. Briefly, the overnight culture was further incubated with 5 μ g/mL of brefeldin A and 1 μ M of monensin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 4 hr.…”

Immunological and Clinical Responses to Vaccinations among Adults Living with HIV

“…The high-dose group exhibited higher seroprotection rates across influenza strains, with similar adverse effects [36]. Chawansuntati et al investigated cell-mediated responses to an influenza A/California/7/2009 vaccine in HIV-infected individuals [37]. Cytokine-producing and CD107a-expressing T-cells showed similar increases in both HIV-infected and healthy individuals, while memory T-cell responses were lower in HIV-infected persons [37].…”