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Kulp, W. D.; Wood, John L.; Krane, K. S.; Loats, J.; Schmelzenbach, P.; Stapels, Christopher J.; Larimer, R. M.; Norman, E. B.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.91.102501

Cited by 42 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…+ 3 is probably a pairing isomer as well, as proposed by [49], being similar to the 0 + 3 state calculated for 234 U in [12].…”

Section: ) |0mentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The excited 0 + levels are not as strongly populated in the (p,t) reaction as the ground 0 + state, showing that some differences in the microscopic structure do exist. The 0 + 1 and 0 + 2 levels are both strongly populated in the (t,p) reaction [23] as is the 0 + 3 level at 1182 keV which has been identified as a "pairing isomer" by Kulp et al [49], showing that these levels are well populated when two extra neutrons are added. The |0 + 1 band and the γ-band are populated in one-proton stripping reactions [38] but there is almost no cross-section to the |0 fig.…”

Section: (B)-(d)mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Congruent band structures in 154Gd : Configuration-dependent pairing, a double vacuum and lack of $ \beta$ -vibrations

et al. 2011

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Abstract. We have used the (α, 2n) and (α, 4n) reactions and the AFRODITE γ-ray spectrometer to make a comprehensive study of the nucleus 154 Gd below 20h. While the first excited 0 + 2 state at 681 keV is usually considered to be the head of a K π = 0 + β-vibrational band, we propose that the data are best described as two separate vacuum states, the ground state and the 681 keV level, each with its own γ and octupole vibrations, pairing and alignments. The implications of this finding, for understanding the structure of transitional rare-earth nuclei, are discussed.It has been a natural assumption since the early days of the collective model [1,2], that the first excited 0 + 2 state in deformed even-even nuclei is a β-vibration along the symmetry axis. Doubts about this assumption have been expressed [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] over the years and, more recently, a comprehensive review of the characteristic properties of such states was made by Garrett [13]. He found that the properties of most 0 + 2 states were not those of β-vibrations, e.g. in 166 Er [14], and he stressed the role pairing must play in the existence of the observed states.The rare-earth nuclei with neutron numbers N = 88 and 90 have particularly low-lying first excited 0 + 2 levels with excitation energies between 600 and 800 keV, well within the pairing gap of about 2.1 MeV. It has usually been assumed that these 0 + 2 levels are collective β-vibrations based on the ground state |0 + 1 vacuum in spite of the observation that they are very weakly excited in inelastic electron scattering [15,16], which is unusual for states with a collective nature. The N = 88 0 + 2 levels are strongly populated in (p,t) two-neutron pickup reactions [17][18][19][20][21] but are weakly populated in (t,p) two-neutron stripping reactions [22,23]. In contrast the N = 90 0 + 2 levels are weakly populated in the (p,t) reactions and strongly populated in the (t,p) reactions. If one assumes that the 0 + 2 levels correspond to collective β-vibrations it remains unclear why there would be a e-mail: jfss@tlabs.ac.za a substantial difference in the population patterns of these states. For nuclei with N ≥ 92 most of the two-neutron transfer strength is concentrated in the ground states [17][18][19][20][21][22]24], which is expected [25] for superfluid nuclei with a ground-state vacuum |0 + 1 well described by the BCS or Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov theories [26].One should keep in mind that for the N = 88 and 90 nuclei even the most sophisticated models [2,4,27] fail to predict a β-vibration below about 1.5 MeV, adding further doubts about the interpretation of these states as β-vibrations. A totally different approach has been adopted by the Yale group [28] in which the 0 + 2 levels become s = 2 boson excitations [29][30][31] at a critical point X (5) symmetry.An alternative interpretation to β-vibrations for 0states was suggested for the actinide isotopes, where several 0 + 2 states that could not be described as a pairing or β-vibration had been observed by Maher et al...

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“…+ 3 is probably a pairing isomer as well, as proposed by [49], being similar to the 0 + 3 state calculated for 234 U in [12].…”

Section: ) |0mentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: (B)-(d)mentioning

confidence: 96%

Congruent band structures in 154Gd : Configuration-dependent pairing, a double vacuum and lack of $ \beta$ -vibrations

et al. 2011

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“…A final answer to this question requires a microscopic model that can incorporate all the competing aspects. In the first place, such a model must be able to provide quantitative explanations for the observations [27,28] before conclusions can be drawn.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New development of the projected shell model and description of low-lying collective states in transitional nuclei

Chen

Sun

2013

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. Description of the interplay between different nuclear shapes is an interesting but challenging problem. The original projected shell model (PSM) is applicable to nuclei with fixed shapes. We extend the PSM by superimposing (angular-momentum-and particle-number-) projected product wave functions in the spirit of the generate coordinate method. With this development, the Gd isotopes across the N = 90 region are studied, and the results indicate spectroscopic features of shape phase transition with varying neutron number. In order to illustrate the shape distribution in microscopic wave functions, we introduce a deformation representation and show that the collectively excited K π = 0 + states in the Gd isotopes have characters of shape vibration.

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“…Traditionally, deformed nuclei are suggested to have β-vibrational and γ-vibrational bands which result from collective low-lying surface vibrational excitations [1]. Recent data in nuclei near N = 90, such as Gd [2][3][4], Sm [5][6][7][8] and Dy [9][10][11], have put into question whether the nature of low-lying excited 0 + states should be re-examined [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of excited 0⁺ states in ¹⁶⁰Er populated via the (p, t) two-neutron transfer reaction

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Many efforts have been made in nuclear structure physics to interpret the nature of low-lying excited 0 + states in well-deformed rare-earth nuclei. However, one of the difficulties in resolving the nature of these states is that there is a paucity of data. In this work, excited 0 + states in the N = 92 nucleus 160 Er were studied via the 162 Er(p, t) 160 Er two-neutron transfer reaction, which is ideal for probing 0 + → 0 + transitions, at the Maier-Leibnitz-Laboratorium in Garching, Germany. Reaction products were momentum-analyzed with a Quadrupole-3-Dipole magnetic spectrograph. The 0 + 2 state was observed to be strongly populated with 18% of the ground state strength.

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Low-Energy Coexisting Band inGd154

Cited by 42 publications

References 21 publications

Congruent band structures in 154Gd : Configuration-dependent pairing, a double vacuum and lack of $ \beta$ -vibrations

Congruent band structures in 154Gd : Configuration-dependent pairing, a double vacuum and lack of $ \beta$ -vibrations

New development of the projected shell model and description of low-lying collective states in transitional nuclei

Investigation of excited 0⁺ states in ¹⁶⁰Er populated via the (p, t) two-neutron transfer reaction

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Low-Energy Coexisting Band inGd154

Cited by 42 publications

References 21 publications

Congruent band structures in 154Gd : Configuration-dependent pairing, a double vacuum and lack of $ \beta$ -vibrations

Congruent band structures in 154Gd : Configuration-dependent pairing, a double vacuum and lack of $ \beta$ -vibrations

New development of the projected shell model and description of low-lying collective states in transitional nuclei

Investigation of excited 0+ states in 160Er populated via the (p, t) two-neutron transfer reaction

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Product

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Investigation of excited 0⁺ states in ¹⁶⁰Er populated via the (p, t) two-neutron transfer reaction