Low-energy buildings heat supply–Modelling of energy systems and carbon emissions impacts

Attributional and Consequential Life Cycle Assessment

“…The choice of time horizon in the model is subjective and depends on the time resolution in the model. If each year is modeled as a single or a handful of time slots, the model usually extends a couple or a few decades into the future [21][22][23][24]. An hour-by-hour model is more likely to cover just a single year [25], although it can still be possible to model a few years where each model year represents, for example, a decade [26].…”

“…Completely different marginal effects can occur in a single electricity scenario, depending on whether the expansion of wind power in the scenario is assumed to be driven by an increased electricity demand or by other motives [26]. A small change in the use of district heating can change the optimum development of an entire district heating system completely [24]. This illustrates that the actual effects of a small change in demand are and will remain basically unknown.…”

Opportunities of consequential and attributional modelling in life cycle assessment of wastewater and sludge management

“…The marginal technology for electricity use in Sweden differs depending on the time boundary chosen for the study. In a short-term perspective, marginal electricity is mainly produced in existing coal-power plants (Sandvall et al, 2017). Data reflecting this were used in case study option CLCA 1.…”

“…What investments are actually affected is highly uncertain. We assumed the long-term marginal electricity to be a mix of 70% wind power and 30% electricity from natural gas, which is one of the scenarios used by Sandvall et al (2017). This mix is carbon-lean, which makes it a good contrast to option CLCA 1 and thereby serves our purpose of illustrating the influence that different modelling options can have on the results.…”

Mandatory Procurement Lessons. Phenomena of External Initiator Factor

“…• planned activities for "green energy" proportion increase, GHG emissions reduction and consumed energy effective use, • to provide renewable energy proportion increase in energy end consumption, planned activities are focused on fixing the support mechanism and further development, providing its operation according to market principles, • in energy efficiency industry legal framework will be arranged, so that Latvia could reach its set energy economy targets in the end consumer side, and by continuing started insulation programmes for apartment houses and to begin fixing governmental and municipal buildings, • in addition to that, it is planned to work on a more efficient heating market and development of zero emissions transport; − Increasing security of energy supply [26], [27]:…”