Low energy availability in exercising men is associated with reduced leptin and insulin but not with changes in other metabolic hormones

Koehler, Karsten; Hoerner, Neele R.; Gibbs, Jenna C.; Zinner, Christoph; Braun, Hans; Souza, Mary Jane De; Schaenzer, Wilhelm

doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1142109

Cited by 113 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(84 reference statements)

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“…The relationships between low EA and Triad components are well established,3 4 and this study supports that model. While there is less evidence supporting the other RED-S health consequences,5 our study supports the proposed associations between low EA and endocrine,30 31 metabolic,32 haematological,7 psychological,12 33 cardiovascular34 and gastrointestinal impairments35 of the RED-S model. Specifically, risks of metabolic, psychological and cardiovascular issues were more than two-fold greater in those with low EA than those with adequate EA.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Low energy availability surrogates correlate with health and performance consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

et al. 2018

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Low energy availability surrogates correlate with health and performance consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

et al. 2018

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“…16 However, recent evidence suggests that energy deficiency may also impair bone and reproductive health in male athletes. [17][18][19] Even though men appear to be protected from reductions in IGF-1 and testosterone following short-term, moderate energy deficiency, 29 larger energy deficits of 1,000 to 4,000 kcal/d have been associated with changes in IGF-1 and testosterone comparable to our study. 21,24,30,31 Further research is needed to determine potential sex differences with regards to the magnitude of the energy deficit that is needed to perturb metabolic hormones.…”

Section: -supporting

confidence: 72%

Association Between Energy Balance and Metabolic Hormone Suppression During Ultraendurance Exercise

Geesmann¹,

Gibbs²,

Mester³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Ultraendurance athletes often accumulate an energy deficit when engaging in ultraendurance exercise, and on completion of the exercise, they exhibit endocrine changes that are reminiscent of starvation. However, it remains unclear whether these endocrine changes are a result of the exercise per se or secondary to the energy deficit and, more important, whether these changes can be attenuated by increased dietary intake. The goal of the study was to assess the relationship between changes in key metabolic hormones after ultraendurance exercise and measures of energy balance. Metabolic hormones, as well as energy intake and expenditure, were assessed in 14 well-trained male cyclists who completed a 1230-km ultraendurance cycling event. After completion of the event, serum testosterone (–67% ± 18%), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (–45% ± 8%), and leptin (–79% ± 9%) were significantly suppressed (P < .001) and remained suppressed after a 12-h recovery period (P < .001). Changes in IGF-1 were positively correlated with energy balance over the course of the event (r = .65, P = .037), which ranged from an 11,859-kcal deficit to a 3593-kcal surplus. The marked suppression of testosterone, IGF-1, and leptin after ultraendurance exercise is comparable to changes occurring during acute starvation. The suppression of IGF-1, but not that of other metabolic hormones, was strongly associated with the magnitude of the energy deficit, indicating that athletes who attained a greater energy deficit exhibited a more pronounced drop in IGF-1. Future studies are needed to determine whether increased dietary intake can attenuate the endocrine response to ultraendurance exercise.

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“…Likewise, when dietary energy was increased to compensate for the increased energy expenditure of exercise, circulating TT3 returned to baseline levels, and the increase in TT 3 coincided with the onset of menses (50). Leptin is another key regulator of energy balance that is suppressed during energy deficiency induced by caloric restriction and/or increased exercise (28,31). The importance of leptin for reproductive function in women is highlighted by findings that the suppression of leptin secondary to energy deficiency is concomitant with a suppression of LH pulsatility (31) and that administration of human recombinant leptin can revert the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis during energy deficiency (6) and results in the recovery of menses in previously amenorrheic women (7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low resting metabolic rate in exercise-associated amenorrhea is not due to a reduced proportion of highly active metabolic tissue compartments

Koehler

Williams

Mallinson

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Exercising women with menstrual disturbances frequently display a low resting metabolic rate (RMR) when RMR is expressed relative to body size or lean mass. However, normalizing RMR for body size or lean mass does not account for potential differences in the size of tissue compartments with varying metabolic activities. To explore whether the apparent RMR suppression in women with exercise-associated amenorrhea is a consequence of a lower proportion of highly active metabolic tissue compartments or the result of metabolic adaptations related to energy conservation at the tissue level, RMR and metabolic tissue compartments were compared among exercising women with amenorrhea (AMEN; n = 42) and exercising women with eumenorrheic, ovulatory menstrual cycles (OV; n = 37). RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry and predicted from the size of metabolic tissue compartments as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Measured RMR was lower than DEXA-predicted RMR in AMEN (1,215 ± 31 vs. 1,327 ± 18 kcal/day, P < 0.001) but not in OV (1,284 ± 24 vs. 1,252 ± 17, P = 0.16), resulting in a lower ratio of measured to DEXA-predicted RMR in AMEN (91 ± 2%) vs. OV (103 ± 2%, P < 0.001). AMEN displayed proportionally more residual mass ( P < 0.001) and less adipose tissue ( P = 0.003) compared with OV. A lower ratio of measured to DXA-predicted RMR was associated with lower serum total triiodothyronine ( ρ = 0.38, P < 0.001) and leptin ( ρ = 0.32, P = 0.004). Our findings suggest that RMR suppression in this population is not the result of a reduced size of highly active metabolic tissue compartments but is due to metabolic and endocrine adaptations at the tissue level that are indicative of energy conservation.

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Low energy availability in exercising men is associated with reduced leptin and insulin but not with changes in other metabolic hormones

Abstract: "Low energy availability in exercising men is associated with reduced leptin and insulin but not with changes in other metabolic hormones" (2016). Nutrition and Health Sciences --Faculty Publications. 85.

Cited by 113 publications

References 48 publications

Low energy availability surrogates correlate with health and performance consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Low energy availability surrogates correlate with health and performance consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

Association Between Energy Balance and Metabolic Hormone Suppression During Ultraendurance Exercise

Low resting metabolic rate in exercise-associated amenorrhea is not due to a reduced proportion of highly active metabolic tissue compartments

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