Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network composed of many sensor nodes distributed in a region, and is used to monitor and gather information about certain phenomena in the physical IntroductionWireless Sensor Network (WSN) is widely used to observe and control certain environments, for various purposes such as emergency services, security and weather monitoring [1]. WSN includes single or multiple sensing elements, a data processor, communicating components and a power source with limited energy capacity [2], [3]. The sensing element, such as a sensor node, performs measurements related to its surrounding environment. The measurement data are processed in a processing unit and subsequently forwarded over a wireless channel to a base station, where they can be accessed by a user [3].One constraint of the use of WSN is the limited power of each sensor node, so energy consumption efficiency becomes an important issue in WSN. Routing is a function in WSN, which consumes a substantial amount of energy. Researches on network layer WSN systems aim to achieve an efficient route setup in terms of power, as well as allowing consistent data communication from sensor nodes to the base station [1]- [4]. Routing protocols developed for data communications network with the aim of achieving high Quality of Service (QoS) is generally not appropriate for WSN [3] due to the limitations of power source, storage capacity and data processing in the sensor nodes. Without specific routing protocols, with low energy consumption, the lifetime and WSN connectivity will be degraded. In LEACH, several nodes will be selected as a cluster head (CH). The number of CH nodes is proportional to the number of clusters. The node, which is selected as a CH node, will consume more energy than non-CH nodes [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Nodes that run out of energy will cease operating and the number of nodes in the system will be reduced. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the energy consumption of LEACH routing protocol for WSN systems and to find the optimum number of clusters. In order to obtain the minimum energy consumption, an evaluation was performed to identify the influence of the number of nodes on the optimum number of clusters. The simulation is performed using Network Simulator 2 (NS-2).

Wireless Sensor Network over High Altitude Platform

“…The nodes that act as a CH will expend more energy than non-CH nodes [6,[8][9][10]. This is because the CH nodes receive data from all other nodes in the cluster, compress the data, and send the data to the Base Station located farther than the distance between one non-CH node to another [6].…”

“…If the random number is less than the threshold (P i ) and the number of clusters that have been formed is smaller than the desired number of clusters, then the node number i will be elected as CH. The threshold value can be calculated using (2) [6,9,11].…”

“…Equation (2) is used if the existing nodes in the network have the same energy. If the energy of each node is different, then the threshold can be determined using (3) [6,9,11]. where E i is the current energy of node i in Joules, E total is the total energy of all nodes in the network in Joules and k is the number of clusters.…”

Robust Path Construction for Reliable Data Transmissions in Node Disjoint Multipath Routing

“…Sensors are distinguished in WSNs by means of its constrained energy, memory resources, processing, unpredictable wireless links and higher degree of mobility. The appearance of these characteristics in sensor networks contributes to different challenges for every part of the protocol stack, particularly the network layer, for instance, assurance of end-to-end packet delivery [1,2]. There have been several innovative routing protocols designed specifically for WSNs in recent years.…”

Device Discovery Schemes for Energy-efficient Cluster Head Rotation in D2D

“…the clustering approach to improve for energy efficiency also effective to be applied in wireless sensor network (WSN) [14]. The cluster head rotation in WSN already proposed in several works ( [15,16]), while the approach in D2D is still under development [13].…”