Low-dose deoxynivalenol exposure inhibits hepatic mitophagy and hesperidin reverses this phenomenon by activating SIRT1

Hesperidin Alleviates Hepatic Injury Caused by Deoxynivalenol Exposure through Activation of mTOR and AKT/GSK3β/TFEB Pathways

“…Extensive research has been conducted on the biological and pharmacological characteristics of HDN, revealing its hepatoprotective effects against a range of natural and chemical toxins . Our previous experiments have demonstrated that HDN significantly reduced the degree of inhibition of mitochondrial autophagy induced by low-dose DON exposure . In the meantime, it has been suggested that treatment of neuronal cells with HDN inhibits amyloid β (Aβ)-induced autophagy .…”

“…DON is widely distributed around the globe, is chemically stable, is generally not destroyed during processing, storage, and cooking, and has a high thermal resistance. ,− In 2023, the World Mycotoxin Survey suggested that more than 70% of samples of unprocessed agricultural products and processed feed from some Asian and North American countries were contaminated with DON . When humans and animals ingest DON-contaminated grains or foods made from contaminated grains, depending on the amount of toxin ingested, it can cause neurological disorders, growth retardation, and immunotoxicity, affecting reproduction rates and offspring survival, even causing death. , The liver is a very important metabolic organ in the organism and plays an integral role in drug/exogenous metabolism and detoxification. − It has been suggested that both low and high doses of DON can cause liver damage. ,− Therefore, in recent years, more and more studies have focused on DON and its toxic effects on the liver. , …”

“…Hesperidin (HDN), a flavonoid with hepatoprotective bioactivity, is found at extremely high levels in citrus fruits. Several research studies have suggested that HDN can control autophagy, reduce inflammation, combat oxidative stress, inhibit cancer growth, and prevent obesity. − It suggested excellent therapeutic potential in the treatment of acute or chronic liver injury with minimal side effects . Numerous research papers have been released in recent times on the hepatoprotective mechanisms of HDN against various toxins.…”

“…2,12−17 Therefore, in recent years, more and more studies have focused on DON and its toxic effects on the liver. 6,17 Hesperidin (HDN), a flavonoid with hepatoprotective bioactivity, is found at extremely high levels in citrus fruits. Several research studies have suggested that HDN can control autophagy, reduce inflammation, combat oxidative stress, inhibit cancer growth, and prevent obesity.…”

“…18−23 It suggested excellent therapeutic potential in the treatment of acute or chronic liver injury with minimal side effects. 17 Numerous research papers have been released in recent times on the hepatoprotective mechanisms of HDN against various toxins. For instance, studies have demonstrated that HDN can hinder the generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, thereby protecting against lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity.…”