Low-dimensionality carbon-based biosensors: the new era of emerging technologies in bioanalytical chemistry

Abstract

Since the last decade, carbon nanomaterials have had a notable impact on different fields such as bioimaging, drug delivery, artificial tissue engineering, and biosensors. This is due to their good compatibility toward a wide range of chemical to biological molecules, low toxicity, and tunable properties. Especially for biosensor technology, the characteristic features of each dimensionality of carbon-based materials may influence the performance and viability of their use. Surface area, porous network, hybridization, functionalization, synthesis route, the combination of dimensionalities, purity levels, and the mechanisms underlying carbon nanomaterial interactions influence their applications in bioanalytical chemistry. Efforts are being made to fully understand how nanomaterials can influence biological interactions, to develop commercially viable biosensors, and to gain knowledge on the biomolecular processes associated with carbon. Here, we present a comprehensive review highlighting the characteristic features of the dimensionality of carbon-based materials in biosensing.

Nanomaterials in electrochemical nanobiosensors of miRNAs

“…[180][181][182] Similarly, CNTs and CNFs, known for their high aspect ratio and exceptional electrical properties, enable efficient miRNA probe immobilization, resulting in highly sensitive measurements. 183,186 AuNPs, with enhanced conductivity and easy functionalization, offer improved sensitivity and selectivity. 97,110 AgNPs, with catalytic activity and large surface areas, amplify signals and enhance sensitivity.…”

“…Researchers can choose these materials based on specific requirements, such as optical properties or biocompatibility, allowing them to adapt to diverse settings. 93,186,192 Magnetic nanoparticles, including iron oxide nanoparticles, enable easy separation and concentration of target miRNAs, a valuable feature, especially in complex sample matrices. 130 Some metal nanoparticles, such as platinum and palladium, are also selected for their catalytic properties in specific sensing strategies, expanding their application versatility.…”

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