Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Wire and Arc Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Material

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, such as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), offer unique advantages in producing large, complex structures with reduced lead time and material waste. However, their application in fatigue-critical applications requires a thorough understanding of the material properties and behavior. Due to the layered nature of the manufacturing process, WAAM structures have different microstructures and mechanical properties compared to their substrate counterparts. This study investigated the mechanical behavior and fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated using WAAM compared to the substrate material. Tensile and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted on both materials, and the microstructure was analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the WAAM material has a coarser and more heterogeneous grain structure, an increased amount of defects, and lower ultimate tensile strength and smaller elongation at fracture. Furthermore, strain-controlled LCF tests revealed a lower fatigue strength of the WAAM material compared to the substrate, with crack initiation occurring at pores in the specimen rather than microstructural features. Experimental data were used to fit the Ramberg–Osgood model for cyclic deformation behavior and the Manson–Coffin–Basquin model for strain-life curves. The fitted models were subsequently used to compare the two material conditions with other AM processes. In general, the quasi-static properties of WAAM material were found to be lower than those of powder-based processes like selective laser melting or electron beam melting due to smaller cooling rates within the WAAM process. Finally, two simplified estimation models for the strain-life relationship were compared to the experimentally fitted Manson–Coffin–Basquin parameters. The results showed that the simple “universal material law” is applicable and can be used for a quick and simple estimation of the material behavior in cyclic loading conditions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of understanding the mechanical behavior and fatigue performance of WAAM structures compared to their substrate counterparts, as well as the need for further research to improve the understanding of the effects of WAAM process parameters on the mechanical properties and fatigue performance of the fabricated structures.

Mapping and prospective of additive manufacturing in the context of Industry 4.0 and 5.0

“…It is compatible with the publication of several review works about this issue (e.g. there exist different current review works that address different aspects of AM for metals) (Aboulkhair et al , 2019; Carolo and Cooper O., 2022; Gong et al , 2023; Kaur and Singh, 2019; Khorasani et al , 2023a, 2023b, 2023c; Orzolek et al , 2022; Slavkovic et al , 2023; Springer et al , 2023; Talignani et al , 2022; Volpato et al , 2022).…”

“…This issue has been highly developed in recent years and there are different current review works that address different aspects of AM for metals (C. B. Carolo and Cooper O., 2022; Gong et al , 2023; Orzolek et al , 2022; Slavkovic et al , 2023; Springer et al , 2023; Talignani et al , 2022; Volpato et al , 2022). Some work has already identified this SLM as the most important technology in earlier periods (Kabir et al , 2020).…”