Low-cost ternary composite of graphite, kaolinite and cement as a potential working electrode for general electrochemical applications

MXenes vs. clays: emerging and traditional 2D layered nanoarchitectonics

“…• Clay-based materials as electrical insulators (dielectrics) 112,113 • Components for supercapacitors [120][121][122] • Energy production and storage • Electrical resistances by assembly of clays/graphite 114 • Use in photovoltaic devices 123 • Fuel-cell electrodes 115 • Thermoelectric power generation 124 • Carbon-clay and conducting polymer-clay composites for energy storage 99,[116][117][118][119] • Electrodes in Zn-air batteries, Li/Na ion batteries, Li-S batteries 25,121,[125][126][127] • Photoactive materials • Photodegradation of organic pollutants 128,129 • Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water, such as dye waste 132,133 • Protection from solar and UV-radiation 130 • Photocatalytic fuel production, such as hydrogen H 2 evolution from water splitting, and CO 2 reduction 133,134 • Protection from the photodegradation of labile pesticides 131 • Polymer nanocomposites • Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of nylon, epoxy, unsaturated polyester, engineering resins, etc. 5,7,135 • MXene-polymer nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties 143,144 • Improved flame retardancy of thermoplastics and thermosets 136 • MXene compounds for flame retardancy 145 • Materials applied in the automotive, medical and healthcare, adhesive, building and construction sectors [137][138][139] • NH 3 sensing and monitoring devices…”

Low-cost heterogeneous composite photocatalyst consisting of TiO2, kaolinite and MMT with improved mechanical strength and photocatalytic activity for industrial wastewater treatment

“…Mechanical compression is used to fabricate TKMCP, resulting in a highly compressed clay matrix embedded with TiO2 particles (Figure 8). The authors of the current study previously reported the formation of tiny clay particles during the fabrication of graphite-clay composite electrodes using a similar technique [27][28][29] . However, even with the same fabrication technique, the outcomes of the current study are significantly different, resulting in clay sheets rather than tiny particles.…”

Low-cost ternary composite photocatalysts consisting of TiO2, kaolinite and cement for an efficient organic waste decontamination in water

“…Furthermore, having a readily available photocatalyst that can be easily synthesized on a large scale is more important. The authors of the present study recently developed a novel composite preparation method based on mechanical compression and heat treatment, resulting in a stable binder-free graphite and clay composite electrode [21][22][23][24][25]. Following a similar technique, authors recently developed efficient binary photocatalysts that are composed of raw materials, including TiO2 and clay (kaolinite/MMT), resulting in improved photocatalytic activity and mechanical strength [26,27].…”

“…Following a similar technique, authors recently developed efficient binary photocatalysts that are composed of raw materials, including TiO2 and clay (kaolinite/MMT), resulting in improved photocatalytic activity and mechanical strength [26,27]. However, authors also found that ternary composites that are related to graphite-clay composite electrodes outperform the binary electrodes, revealing that such ternary composites result in matrix enhancements [23,24]. Based on a similar hypothesis, the current study demonstrated the fabrication of a ternary TiO2-clay-cement composite photocatalyst (TKCe) for the first time.…”