Low-cost production and applications of high purity carbon nanotubes

Nitodas, Stephanos F.; Karachalios, Theodoros

doi:10.1504/ijnm.2010.034777

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There is almost no amorphous carbon present in the product. 50 Subsequently the raw MWCNTs are treated with nitric acid in order to attach carboxyl acid groups onto the sidewalls of the MWCNT.…”

Section: Product System For a Ht Pem Fuel Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP

Notter

Kouravelou

Karachalios

et al. 2015

Energy Environ. Sci.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEM FCs) are seen as a suitable technology supporting the transformation towards decarbonised societies. Decision makers face the problem that there is no sound basis of the environmental performance of cutting edge technology available. We developed a comprehensive product system for two types of high temperature (HT) PEM FCs and conducted a life cycle assessment. One system utilizes functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as carbon support materials for platinum. The reference product applies carbon black. MWCNTs render possible platinum savings of 27% simultaneously retaining equal performance parameters as for the reference FC.The inventories include all components of a FC starting with the production of the carbon support material, the catalyst powder with platinum nanoparticles, a membrane, a gas diffusion layer, bipolar flow plates up to the FC stack and the FC unit including end of life treatment. Our analysis shows that platinum is the key material in HT PEM FCs and the benefits from platinum savings outweigh by far the impacts on the MWCNT production. The HT PEM FC was adjusted such that it typifies (1) a PEM FC for an electric vehicle (FCEV) allowing comparison with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) or (2) a PEM FC suitable for micro-combined heat and power (m-CHP) to be compared with a Stirling engine. We found an environmental advantage of a FCEV vis-à-vis the ICV, but only if hydrogen is produced with renewable electricity. We found similar environmental impacts for the FCEV and the BEV when both vehicles are propelled with renewable energy. Both m-CHP plants produce similar amounts of useful energy and have comparable environmental performance. Nonetheless, the PEM FC produces more electricity (less heat) than the Stirling engine. System expansion such that both systems deliver equal amounts of electricity and heat resulting in an advantage of nearly 20% for the PEM FC powered system. Thus, the PEM FC technology offers great potential to reduce a personal environmental (and carbon) footprint -a prerequisite on the way of a transformation to more sustainable societies. Broader contextThe prospect of changing electricity production from nuclear and fossil to predominantly renewable energy carriers as planned for example in Switzerland or Germany leads to new requirements of the electricity grid and a new electricity supply pattern. Renewable energy sources release energy congenitally intermittent over diurnal and annual cycles. The PEM FC technology can support the energy turnaround manifold. For individuals our results show that fuel cell electric vehicles provide an environmentally benign technology for individual mobility. PEM FCs in combined heat and power plants are efficient devices to convert a fuel into electricity and heat for housing applications. Both fields of application provide great potential to reduce the individual environmental footprint. Decision makers planning a nationwide strategy...

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Section: Product System For a Ht Pem Fuel Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP

Notter

Kouravelou

Karachalios

et al. 2015

Energy Environ. Sci.

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“…On the other hand, like most of commercial graphene powders, flakes are not monolayer or bilayer graphene, but multi‐layered. The carbon nanotubes were produced by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, employing C 2 H 4 as a carbon source . The biochar was prepared from spent malt rootlets.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Carbon Support on the Electrocatalytic Properties of Pt−Ru Catalysts

et al. 2019

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What prompted you to investigate this topic/problem?Pt-based electrocatalysts supportedo nc arbon substrates are widely used as anodic and/orc athodic electrodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Among all available carbon supports, Vulcan XC-72 is the mostused in PEMFCelectrodes. However,P EMFCs still suffer from the insufficient durability of their electrodes, owing to several degradation mechanisms for the Pt-based nanocrystallites such as metal particles detachment andd issolution, and carbon corrosion leading to a decreasei ne lectrode activity.W eb elieve that investigating novel carbon materials (e.g. carbon nanotubes, biochar,a nd graphene) as potential supports for Pt-based electrocatalysts is important in order to design better fuel cell electrodes. All of the aforementioned carbonm aterials are characterized by having sufficient specific surface area and high electronic conductivity and, thus, can be potential supports for Pt-based electrocatalysts.

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“…More specifically, the CNT product (NTX1 Nanothinx) with outside diameter of 15–35 nm and a length ≥10 µm was produced using the catalytic chemical vapour deposition method (CCVD), of hydrocarbon sources on substrates of metal oxides impregnated with metal catalysts (Fe and Al). The CVD method is known to produce batches that are generally free from amorphous carbon and carbon nanoparticles [23,24]. Carboxyl (–COOH) functionalized MWCNTs (NTX5) were also obtained from Nanothinx.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From lab-scale film preparation to up- scale spinning fibre manufacturing of multiwall carbon nanotube/poly ethylene terephthalate composites

Vogli

Türkarslan²,

Iconomopoulou

et al. 2017

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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Carbon nanotubes are among the stiffest and strongest fibres known and they are thus considered as ideal fillers for polymeric fibre reinforcement. Carbon nanotube polymer composites have consequently attracted huge academic and industrial interest with thousands of relevant research works being published every year. In current work, we present a quite integrated study of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-reinforced poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) composites prepared at laboratory scale along with industrial melt-spun fibres. For an optimum dispersion of the nanomaterial in the polymer matrix, we proceeded to appropriate functionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes. The morphology of the composites was inspected by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, while the physical properties, such as crystallinity and orientation, by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The addition of well-dispersed carbon nanotubes acts as a nucleation agent increasing the crystallization of poly ethylene terephthalate matrix, however, decreasing the orientation of either films or fibres. Carbon nanotubes /poly ethylene terephthalate polymer composite films present an increment of Young’s modulus and tensile strength to detriment of failure strain; namely, stiffness is accompanied by a less ductile behaviour. With the addition of carbon nanotubes to poly ethylene terephthalate fibres, a decrease in shrinkage and only a slight improvement in dimensional stability was attained; this once more explains the slow growth of their commercial applications since the mechanical properties of these materials still remain a fraction of the expected theoretical values.

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Low-cost production and applications of high purity carbon nanotubes

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP

Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP

Effect of Carbon Support on the Electrocatalytic Properties of Pt−Ru Catalysts

From lab-scale film preparation to up- scale spinning fibre manufacturing of multiwall carbon nanotube/poly ethylene terephthalate composites

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